Professor Correa-Muller

Professor Sonia Correa-Muller PhD, FHEA, FRSB

Professor of Neuroscience

My profile

Biography

 After obtaining my BSc Degree in Physics, a master’s degree in Physics Applied to Biology and Medicine and PhD in Neurophysiology from the University of São Paulo in Brazil, I obtained a Fellowship to join Dr Gunther Zupanc’s laboratory at the University of Manchester in 1999.  In 2001, I joined the laboratories of Professors Jeremy Henley, Neil Marrion and Graham L Collingridge at the MRC Centre for Synaptic Plasticity at the University of Bristol where I became interested in understanding the molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways regulating synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus.  After 6 years in Bristol, I joined Prof Bruno Frenguelli’s laboratory followed by a Fellowship to establish my independent career at the University of Warwick. In 2014, I obtained a Reader in Pharmacology at the University of Bradford and in 2019, I accepted a Chair in Neuroscience at the Manchester Metropolitan University. Since establishing my independent research group in 2010, I have received funding as Principal Investigator from BBSRC, BBSRC_FAPESP, Wellcome Trust (200646/Z/16/Z) and Pfizer. Findings from my laboratory have been published in high profile scientific journals such as Nature Communications, Neuron and Aging Cell.  

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John Dalton Building

Projects

Current and recent externally funded research projects:

1. ARUK-Enhancing neuroprotection through activation of ERK5 MAPK signalling – a proof-of-principle study. ARUK pilot grants scheme 1/5/22 – 30/6/2024 £49,950.67 Co-I.

2. ARUK-RADF2021A-009 Race Against Dementia Fellowship-Synaptic toxicity of tau oligomers: underlying mechanisms and clinical translation –Dr Emily Hill £499,869.21 Duration 11/10/2021-10/10/2026 –Collaborator.

3. COCKPI-Takeda Funding Research Grant-The role of sleep-wake patterns on the glymphatic system function and their causal link to the development of Alzheimer’s disease. £85,000 PIs: Drs Sonia Corrêa-Mϋller and Jerzy Krupinski. Duration 7/2/2022-30/6/2023.

Teaching

TEACHING - LEADERSHIP AND DELIVERY 

 1) Programme Director for the NHS-NSHCS-MAHSE-STP Masters in Clinical Science and HSST-DClinSci in Physiological Sciences Programmes- Respiratory and Sleep Specialism.

Responsibilities of this role include:

  • To develop and organize the teaching and learning activities of the core units that are taken by the STP Masters  and DClinSci students specialising in Respiratory and Sleep Science.
  • Liaise with clinical scientists and consultants colleagues at the NHS to organise the delivery of the learning programme.
  • Organise the work contracts between colleagues from the NHS Trust and MMU for their contribution to the core units.

Within the Respiratory and Sleep specialism I have led the following core units the STP Masters in Clinical Science: 

  1. 6H7V0010  Respiratory and Sleep Science 1 (20 Credits).
  2. 6ACP7123 Respiratory and Sleep  Science 2 (30 Credits).
  3. 6H7V0039 Introduction to Neurophysiology (10 Credits).

STP MSc -Research project supervision:

Contribution on the assessment of the Respiratory and Sleep students project, presentation and dissertation included on the following STP Units:

a)      6ACP 7114 Research Methods-Marking STP R&S submitted projects.

b)      6ACP 7115 Research Project 1- Marking STP R&S projects.

c)      6ACP 7116 Research Project2- Marking STP R&S presentations.

Within the Respiratory and Sleep specialism I have led the following core units for the DClinSci:

  1. 6ACP8004_9 B2: Clinical Presentation and Management of Respiratory and Sleep Disorders-1 (20 Credits)
  2. 6ACP8005_9 B4: Diagnosis and Monitoring in Respiratory and Sleep Disorders (15 Credits)
  3. 6ACP8021_9 B6: Clinical Presentation and Management of Respiratory and Sleep Disorders-2 (15 Credits)
  4. 6ACP8007_9 B8: Interventions in Respiratory and Sleep Physiology (15 Credits)
  5. 6ACP8072_9 B9: Adult Sleep Disordered Breathing and Respiratory Muscle Physiology (15 Credits).

Contribution to other Units:

  • Advanced Biological Aspects of Disease-6H7Z1002 Unit- I deliver the Neuropathology programme for this Unit. Commitments are 3 X 2 hours lectures,  supervision of dissertations and assessment.
  •  Advanced Cellular and Human Neuroscience 6H6Z1037 Unit- Neuroscience F2F Lectures, tutorial data analysis and presentation, facilitation of  workshops.
  • Project 6H6Z1032-Supervision of undergraduate final year projects .
  • Personal Tutorials (Year 3)

Supervision

1) Ms   Helen Sneath (Principal Supervisor)

HSST - Doctoral Clinical Science Program (Clinical Neurophysiology) Programme

Duration: 1/7/20-30/9/23

2) Ms Sara Parsons (Principal Supervisor)

Title: A comparison of sleep architecture and sleep wake patterns in patients diagnosed with OSA and aMCI.

HSST - Doctoral Clinical Science Program (Physiological Sciences) Programme

NHS-NSHCS Higher Specialist Scientist Training (HSST) Programme in collaboration with MAHSE and delivered jointly by Manchester Metropolitan University and University of Manchester

Duration: 1/7/22-30/9/25

3) Ms Rachel E. Pickersgill (Co-supervisor)

Doctoral Clinical Science Program (Physiological Sciences)

Title: Implementing an innovative device to diagnose obstructive sleep apnoea into an NHS sleep service.

Duration: 1/7/23-30/9/26

4) Mr Runze Luan (First Supervisor)

Title: Exploring the molecular mechanism by which human short form-CD33 expressed in macrophage/microglia protects from Alzheimer’s disease.

Duration: 1/11/2022 -30/10/2025

Research outputs

Selected research publications in peer-reviewed journals : 

1. Bhandare A, Haley M, Anderson, VT, Domingos, LB, Lopes M,  Correa SAL* and Wall MJ* (2024) ArcKR expression modifies synaptic plasticity following epileptic activity: Differential effects with in vitro and in vivo seizure induction protocols. Epilepsia *Joint senior author. http://doi.org/10.1111/epi.17981/.

2.Clark O, Sanchez AD, Cullell N, Correa SAL, Krupinski J, Ray N (2024) Diffusion Tensor Imaging Analysis Along the Perivascular Space in the UK Biobank. Sleep Medicine 119:399-405 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2024.05.007

3. Boungiorno M, Granell E, Caruana G, Vives-Gilabert, Y, Cullell N, Molina-Seguin, J, Almeria, M, Sanchez-Benavides, G, Ray, NJ, Correa, SAL* and Krupinski J* (2023) Impairments in sleep and brain molecular clearance in people with cognitive deterioration and biological evidence of AD: a report of four cases. BMC Neurology 23:417. *Joint senior author. https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12883-023-03460-8 .

4. Privitera L, Hogg EL, Lopes M, Domingos LB, Gaestel M, Müller J, Wall MJ, Corrêa SAL (2022) The MK2 cascade mediates transient alteration in mGluR‐LTD and spatial learning in a murine model of Alzheimer’s disease. Aging Cell. 2022 Aug 29:e13717.https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.13717.

5. Privitera L, Hogg EL, Gaestel M, Wall MJ, Corrêa SAL (2019) The MK2 cascade regulates mGluR-dependent synaptic plasticity and reversal learning. Neuropharmacology, 155:121-30.

6. Wall MJ, Collins DR, Chery SL, Allen ZD, Pastuzyn ED, George AJ, Nikolova VD, Moy SS, Philpot BD, Shepherd JD, Mϋller J, Ehlers MD, Mabb AM, Corrêa SAL (2018) The temporal dynamics of Arc expression regulate cognitive flexibility. Neuron, 98:1-9: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2018.05.012.

7. DaSilva LL, Wall M, deAlmeida LP,Wauters SC, Januário YC, Müller J, Corrêa SAL (2016) Arc controls AMPAR endocytosis through a direct interaction with clathrin-adaptor protein 2. eNEURO doi: 10.1523/ENEURO.0144-15.2016

8. Eales KL, Palygin O, O’Loughlin T, Rasooli-Nejad S, Gaestel M, Müller J, Collins DR, Pankratov Y and Corrêa SAL (2014) The MK2/3 cascade regulates AMPAR trafficking and cognitive flexibility. Nature Communications https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5701

9. Mabb AM, Je HS, Wall MJ, Robinson CG, Larsen RS, Qiang Y, Corrêa SAL, Ehlers MD (2014) Triad3A Regulates Synaptic Strength by Ubiquitination of Arc. Neuron, 82(6):1299-1316.

Selected review publications in peer-reviewed journals 

1. Parsons, S* and Correa SAL*  (2024) Positive Airway Pressure improves Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment in Patients Diagnosed with Obstructive Sleep Apnoea/Hypopnoea syndrome. A review of the evidence”. InternationalJournal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews 17(2);  https://doi.org/10.31579/2690-4861/428  *Joint senior author.

2. Beamer E and Corrêa SAL (2021) The p38MAPK-MK2 signaling axis as a critical link between inflammation and synaptic transmission. Frontiers in Cell Dev. Biol https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021635636

3. Corrêa SAL and Eales KL (2012) The role of p38 MAPK and its substrates in neuronal plasticity and neurodegenerative disease Journal of Signal Transduction, Vol 2012, Article ID 649079, 12 pages.

  • Journal articles

    Clark, O., Delgado Sanchez, A., Cullell, N., Correa-Muller, S.A.L., Krupinski, J., Ray, N. (2024) 'Diffusion Tensor Imaging Analysis Along the Perivascular Space in the UK Biobank.' Sleep Medicine, 119pp. 399-405.

    Bhandare, A., Haley, M., Torrico Anderson, V., Domingos, L.B., Lopes, M., Correa, S.A.L., Wall, M.J. (2024) 'ArcKR expression modifies synaptic plasticity following epileptic activity: differential effects with in vitro and in vivo seizure-induction protocols.' Epilepsia,

    Privitera, L., Hogg, E.L., Gaestel, M., Wall, M.J., Corrêa, S.A.L. (2024) 'Corrigendum to ‘The MK2 cascade regulates mGluR-dependent synaptic plasticity and reversal learning’ [Neuropharmacology 155 (2019) 121-130, (S0028390819301790), (10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.05.024)].' Neuropharmacology, 242

    Buongiorno, M., Granell, E., Caruana, G., Sansa, G., Vives-Gilabert, Y., Cullell, N., Molina-Seguin, J., Almeria, M., Artero, C., Sanchez-Benevides, G., Ray, N.J., Correa, S.A.L., Krupinski, J. (2023) 'Impairments in sleep and brain molecular clearance in people with cognitive deterioration and biological evidence of AD: a report of four cases.' BMC Neurology, 23

    Haley, M., Bertrand, J., Anderson, V.T., Fuad, M., Frenguelli, B., Correa-Muller, S.A.L., Wall, M. (2023) 'Arc expression regulates long-term potentiation magnitude and metaplasticity in area CA1 of the hippocampus in ArcKR mice.' European Journal of Neuroscience, 58(10) pp. 4166-4180.

    Privitera, L., Hogg, E.L., Lopes, M., Luana, D., Gaestel, M., Muller, J., Wall, M., Correa-Muller, S.A.L. (2022) 'The MK2 cascade mediates transient alteration in mGluRLTD and spatial learning in a murine model of Alzheimer’s disease.' Aging Cell, 21(10) pp. e13717-e13717.

    Januário, Y.C., Eden, J., de Oliveira, L.S., De Pace, R., Tavares, L.A., da Silva-Januário, M.E., Apolloni, V.B., Wilby, E.L., Altmeyer, R., Burgos, P.V., Corrêa, S.A.L., Gershlick, D.C., daSilva, L.L.P. (2022) 'Clathrin adaptor AP-1–mediated Golgi export of amyloid precursor protein is crucial for the production of neurotoxic amyloid fragments.' Journal of Biological Chemistry, 298(8) pp. 102172-102172.

    Beamer, E., Corrêa, S.A.L. (2021) 'The p38MAPK-MK2 Signaling Axis as a Critical Link Between Inflammation and Synaptic Transmission.' Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 9

    Privitera, L., Hogg, E.L., Gaestel, M., Wall, M.J., Correa, S. (2019) 'The MK2 cascade regulates mGluR-dependent synaptic plasticity and reversal learning.' Neuropharmacology, 155pp. 121-130.

    Lake, D., Corrêa, S.A.L., Müller, J. (2019) 'NMDA receptor-dependent signalling pathways regulate arginine vasopressin expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the rat.' Brain Research, 1722

    Wall, M.J., Collins, D.R., Chery, S.L., Allen, Z.D., Pastuzyn, E.D., George, A.J., Nikolova, V.D., Moy, S.S., Philpot, B.D., Shepherd, J.D., Müller, J., Ehlers, M.D., Mabb, A.M., Corrêa, S.A.L. (2018) 'The Temporal Dynamics of Arc Expression Regulate Cognitive Flexibility.' Neuron, 98(6) pp. 1124-1132.

    Correa, S.A.L. (2018) 'Editorial.' Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology, 77pp. 1-2.

    Wall, M.J., Corrêa, S.A.L. (2017) 'The mechanistic link between Arc/Arg3.1 expression and AMPA receptor endocytosis.' Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology, 77pp. 17-24.

    Hunter, C.J., Remenyi, J., Correa, S.A., Privitera, L., Reyskens, K.M.S.E., Martin, K.J., Toth, R., Frenguelli, B.G., Arthur, J.S.C. (2017) 'MSK1 regulates transcriptional induction of Arc/Arg3.1 in response to neurotrophins.' FEBS Open Bio, 7(6) pp. 821-834.

    Hogg, E.L., Müller, J., Côrrea, S.A.L. (2016) 'Does the MK2-dependent production of TNFα regulate mGluR-dependent synaptic plasticity?.' Current Neuropharmacology, 14(5) pp. 474-480.

    Lake, D., Corrêa, S.A.L., Müller, J. (2016) 'Negative feedback regulation of the ERK1/2 MAPK pathway.' Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 73(23) pp. 4397-4413.

    DaSilva, L.L.P., Wall, M.J., de Almeida, L.P., Wauters, S.C., Januário, Y.C., Müller, J., Correa, S.A.L. (2016) 'Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein controls AMPAR endocytosis through a direct interaction with clathrin-adaptor protein 2.' eNeuro, 3(3)

    Sanderson, T.M., Hogg, E.L., Collingridge, G.L., Corrêa, S.A.L. (2016) 'Hippocampal metabotropic glutamate receptor long-term depression in health and disease: focus on mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways.' Journal of Neurochemistry, 139pp. 200-214.

    Church, T.W., Weatherall, K.L., Corrêa, S.A.L., Prole, D.L., Brown, J.T., Marrion, N.V. (2015) 'Preferential assembly of heteromeric small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels.' European Journal of Neuroscience, 41(3) pp. 305-315.

    Eales, K.L., Palygin, O., O'Loughlin, T., Rasooli-Nejad, S., Gaestel, M., Müller, J., Collins, D.R., Pankratov, Y., Corrêa, S.A.L. (2014) 'The MK2/3 cascade regulates AMPAR trafficking and cognitive flexibility.' Nature Communications, 5

    Mabb, A.M., Je, H.S., Wall, M.J., Robinson, C.G., Larsen, R.S., Qiang, Y., Corrêa, S.A.L., Ehlers, M.D. (2014) 'Triad3A regulates synaptic strength by ubiquitination of arc.' Neuron, 82(6) pp. 1299-1316.

    Corrêa, S.A.L., Hunter, C.J., Palygin, O., Wauters, S.C., Martin, K.J., McKenzie, C., McKelvey, K., Morris, R.G.M., Pankratov, Y., Arthur, J.S.C., Frenguelli, B.G. (2012) 'MSK1 regulates homeostatic and experience-dependent synaptic plasticity.' Journal of Neuroscience, 32(38) pp. 13039-13051.

    Canal, F., Palygin, O., Pankratov, Y., Corrêa, S.A.L., Müller, J. (2011) 'Compartmentalization of the MAPK scaffold protein KSR1 modulates synaptic plasticity in hippocampal neurons.' FASEB Journal, 25(7) pp. 2362-2372.

    Baines, A.E., Corrêa, S.A.L., Irving, A.J., Frenguelli, B.G. (2011) 'Differential trafficking of adenosine receptors in hippocampal neurons monitored using GFP- and super-ecliptic pHluorin-tagged receptors.' Neuropharmacology, 61(1-2) pp. 1-11.

    Appleby, V.J., Corrêa, S.A.L., Duckworth, J.K., Nash, J.E., Noãl, J., Fitzjohn, S.M., Collingridge, G.L., Molnár, E. (2011) 'LTP in hippocampal neurons is associated with a CaMKII-mediated increase in GluA1 surface expression.' Journal of Neurochemistry, 116(4) pp. 530-543.

    Nash, J.E., Appleby, V.J., Corrêa, S.A.L., Wu, H., Fitzjohn, S.M., Garner, C.C., Collingridge, G.L., Molnár, E. (2010) 'Disruption of the interaction between myosin VI and SAP97 is associated with a reduction in the number of AMPARs at hippocampal synapses.' Journal of Neurochemistry, 112(3) pp. 677-690.

    Corrêa, S.A.L., Müller, J., Collingridge, G.L., Marrion, N.V. (2009) 'Rapid endocytosis provides restricted somatic expression of a K+ channel in central neurons.' Journal of Cell Science, 122(22) pp. 4186-4194.

    Kantamneni, S., Holman, D., Wilkinson, K.A., Corrêa, S.A.L., Feligioni, M., Ogden, S., Fraser, W., Nishimune, A., Henley, J.M. (2008) 'GISP binding to TSG101 increases GABAB receptor stability by down-regulating ESCRT-mediated lysosomal degradation.' Journal of Neurochemistry, 107(1) pp. 86-95.

    Moult, P.R., Corrêa, S.A.L., Collingridge, G.L., Fitzjohn, S.M., Bashir, Z.I. (2008) 'Co-activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and protein tyrosine phosphatase underlies metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent long-term depression.' Journal of Physiology, 586(10) pp. 2499-2510.

    Giassi, A.C.C., Corrêa, S.A.L., Hoffmann, A. (2007) 'Fiber connections of the diencephalic nucleus tuberis anterior in the weakly electric fish, Gymnotus cf. carapo: An in vivo tract-tracing study.' Journal of Comparative Neurology, 503(5) pp. 655-667.

    Kantamneni, S., Corrêa, S.A.L., Hodgkinson, G.K., Meyer, G., Vinh, N.N., Henley, J.M., Nishimune, A. (2007) 'GISP: A novel brain-specific protein that promotes surface expression and function of GABAB receptors.' Journal of Neurochemistry, 100(4) pp. 1003-1017.

    Teixeira Duarte, T., Hoffmann, A., de Souza Fim Pereira, A., Aparecida Lopes Corrêa, S. (2006) 'Potential output pathways for agonistic-like responses resulting from the GABAA blockade of the torus semicircularis dorsalis in weakly electric fish, Gymnotus carapo.' Brain Research, 1092(1) pp. 117-128.

    Duarte, T.T., Corrêa, S.A.I., Santana, U.J., Pereira, A.S.F., Hoffmann, A. (2006) 'Agonistic-like responses from the torus semicircularis dorsalis elicited by GABAA blockade in the weakly electric fish Gymnotus carapo.' Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 39(7) pp. 945-955.

    Ribeiro, S.J., Ciscato, J.G., De Oliveira, R., De Oliveira, R.C., D'Ângelo-Dias, R., Carvalho, A.D., Felippotti, T.T., Rebouças, E.C.C., Castellan-Baldan, L., Hoffmann, A., Corrêa, S.A.L., Moreira, J.E., Coimbra, N.C. (2005) 'Functional and ultrastructural neuroanatomy of interactive intratectal/tectonigral mesencephalic opioid inhibitory links and nigrotectal GABAergic pathways: Involvement of GABAA and μ1-opioid receptors in the modulation of panic-like reactions elicited by electrical stimulation of the dorsal midbrain.' Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy, 30(4) pp. 184-200.

    Corrêa, S.A.L., Zupanc, G.K.H. (2005) 'Erratum: Re-evaluation of the afferent connections of the pituitary in the weakly electric fish Apteronotus leptorhyncus: An in vitro tract-tracing study (Journal of Comparative Neurology (2004) 470 (39-49)).' Journal of Comparative Neurology, 482(4)

    Zupanc, G.K.H., Corrêa, S.A.L. (2005) 'Reciprocal neural connections between the central posterior/prepacemaker nucleus and nucleus G in the gymnotiform fish, Apteronotus leptorhynchus.' Brain, Behavior and Evolution, 65(1) pp. 14-25.

    Corrêa, S.A.L., Munton, R., Nishimune, A., Fitzjohn, S., Henley, J.M. (2004) 'Development of GABAB subunits and functional GABAB receptors in rat cultured hippocampal neurons.' Neuropharmacology, 47(4) pp. 475-484.

    Corrêa, S.A.L. (2004) 'Re-evaluation of the Afferent Connections of the Pituitary in the Weakly Electric Fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus: An In Vitro Tract-Tracing Study.' Journal of Comparative Neurology, 470(1) pp. 39-49.

    Eichenberger, G.C.D., Ribeiro, S.J., Osaki, M.Y., Maruoka, R.Y., Resende, G.C.C., Castellan-Baldan, L., Corrêa, S.A.L., Da Silva, L.A., Coimbra, N.C. (2002) 'Neuroanatomical and psychopharmacological evidence for interaction between opioid and GABAergic neural pathways in the modulation of fear and defense elicited by electrical and chemical stimulation of the deep layers of the superior colliculus and dorsal periaqueductal gray matter.' Neuropharmacology, 42(1) pp. 48-59.

    Corrêa, S.A.L., Zupanc, G.K.H. (2002) 'Connections between the central posterior/prepacemaker nucleus and hypothalamic areas in the weakly electric fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus: Evidence for an indirect, but not a direct, link.' Journal of Comparative Neurology, 442(4) pp. 348-364.

    Santana, U., Roque-da-Silva, A., Duarte, T., Corrêa, S. (2001) 'Interference with the GABAergic system in the dorsolateral telencephalon and modulation of the electric organ discharge frequency in the weakly electric fish Gymnotus carapo.' Journal of Comparative Physiology - A Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology, 187(11) pp. 925-933.

    Pajolla, G.P., Crippa, G.E., Corrêa, S.A.L., Moreira, K.B., Tavares, R.F., Corrêa, F.M.A. (2001) 'The lateral hypothalamus is involved in the pathway mediating the hypotensive response to cingulate cortex-cholinergic stimulation.' Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, 21(4) pp. 341-356.

    Corrêa, S.A.L., Hoffmann, A. (1999) 'Reciprocal connections between the preglomerular complex and the dorsolateral telencephalon in the weakly electric fish, Gymnotus carapo.' Neuroscience Letters, 261(3) pp. 131-134.

    Aparecida Lopes Corrêa, S., Morgan Aguiar Corrêa, F., Hoffmann, A. (1998) 'Stereotaxic atlas of the telencephalon of the weakly electric fish Gymnotus carapo.' Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 84(1-2) pp. 93-100.

    Corrêa, S.A.L., Hoffmann, A. (1998) 'Novelty response in the weakly electric fish Gymnotus carapo: Seasonal differences and the participation of the telencephalon in its modulation.' Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - A Molecular and Integrative Physiology, 119(1) pp. 255-262.

    Corrêa, S.A.L., Grant, K., Hoffmann, A. (1998) 'Afferent and Efferent Connections of the Dorsocentral Telencephalon in an Electrosensory Teleost, Gymnotus carapo.' Brain, Behavior and Evolution, 52(2) pp. 81-98.

    Corrêa, S.A.L., Hoffmann, A. (1998) 'Effect of drugs that alter alertness and emotionality on the novelty response of a weak electric fish, Gymnotus carapo.' Physiology and Behavior, 65(4-5) pp. 863-869.