MMU Harvard

Example citation
The 1996 Housing Act OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, the 1996 Housing Act (1996:13)

Reference elements
Short title of the Act and Year. (chapter number of the Act, abbreviated to ‘c.’) Place of publication: Publisher.

Reference example
Housing Act 1996. (c.52) London: HMSO.

Variants

Acts introduced prior to 1963

Reference elements
Short title of the Act and Year. (Year of reign of the monarch at the time the Act was introduced the monarch’s name which can be abbreviated, chapter number of the Act) Place of publication: Publisher.

Reference example
Charities Act 1960. (8&9 Eliz. 2, c.58) London: HMSO.

Key points

• Unlike the other citation formats, when citing by paraphrasing, the year of publication does not need to be placed in brackets as this forms part of the title of the Act. However when using a direct quote, the year should also be placed in brackets, followed by the page number as shown in the example above.

• For Acts of parliament that are published by Her Majesty’s Stationery Office (HMSO), the abbreviated versions of the publisher’s name can be used in the reference list.

Annual reports print copy

Example citation
(eBay, 2011) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (eBay, 2011:8)

Reference elements
Name of company. (Year of publication) Title of annual report (in italics). Place of publication: Publisher.

Example reference
eBay. (2011) Annual Report 2011. San Jose: eBay Inc.

Annual reports online copy

Example citation
(John Lewis Partnership PLC, 2020) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (John Lewis Partnership PLC, 2020:12)

Reference elements
Name of company. (Year of publication) Title of annual report (in italics). [Online] [Date accessed] URL

Reference example
John Lewis Partnership PLC. (2020) Annual report and accounts 2020. [Online] [Accessed on 18th June 2020] https://www.johnlewispartnership.co.uk/content/dam/cws/pdfs/Juniper/ARA…

Key points

• To cite and reference an annual report you will generally have to use the organisation’s name as an author name is usually not present.

Citation elements
Direct quotes: The originator of the app, the year the app was released and the word app.

Example citation
(Morgan, 2012) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Morgan, 2012:app)

Reference elements
Owner/creator. (Year (Use year accessed if release date is not available)). ‘Title of app content.’ Publisher or Producer (if ascertainable). Title of app (in italics).Version number. [App] [Date accessed]

Example reference
Morgan, J. (2012) ‘Business marketing lecture.’ Duke University. iTunes-U. Version 1.9.11. [App] [Accessed on 25th January 2012]

Example citation
(Skyscape, 2010) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Skyscape, 2010:app)

Reference elements
Originator/s. (Year) (Use year accessed if release date is not available) Title of app. (in italics) Version number (if known). [App] [Date accessed]

Example reference
Skyscape. (2010) Skyscape medical resources. Version 1.9.11. [App] [Accessed on 18th January 2011]

Citation elements
The surname of the author of the material and the year.

Example citation
(Legh, 1729) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Legh, 1729:1)

Archive material can be various types of source material and as such, the format may differ depending on the type of material. When referencing archive material, the archive collection details are just as important as the details of the material itself.

General rules

• Follow the usual format specific to the source (see first example below for a journal article located in an online archive collection), followed by the archive collection details and archive location (physical or online).

• Add the [Medium] in square brackets, if the type of medium is not identifiable by the title or by the elements specific to the source, as shown in the third example below.

• Include any reference numbers if provided on the source, as shown in the third example below.

Archive material accessed online

Reference elements (include each of the elements below as applicable)
Author surname, initial. (year of publication/creation) Title of material (in italics) {and/or any other elements specific to the source} (source reference number in brackets). [Medium (if required)] Archive collection title. [Online] [Access date] URL

Example references

Freud, S. (1934) Postcard to Saul Rosenzweig. Sigmund Freud papers: general correspondence, 1871-1996. Library of Congress Digital Collections. [Online] [Accessed on 20th April 2017] https://www.loc.gov/resource/mss39990.04022/?sp=2

Higginson, G. H. (1929) The Manchester School of Art (2759). [Film] North West Film Archive. [Online] [Accessed on 4th February 2022] https://www.nwfa.mmu.ac.uk/viewVideo.php?token=7544agw13621w7h273904aP5…

Archive material viewed physically

Reference elements
Author surname, initial. (year of publication/creation) Title of material (in italics) {and/or any other elements specific to the source} (source reference number in brackets). [Medium (if required)] Archive collection title. Location of archive/collection.

Example reference
Legh, P. (1729) Letter to Francis Leicester July 24th (DLT C35/74). Leicester-Warren Family of Tabley Records. Cheshire Archives and Local Studies, Chester.

Citation elements
Title of Bill. (Year)

Example citation
Homelessness Reduction Bill (2016)

Reference elements
Title of Bill. (Year) The House in which the Bill originated. (Bill no. and parliamentary session/year) Place of publication: Publisher.

Example references
Homelessness Reduction Bill. (2016) House of Commons. (Bill 7 2016-2017) London: TSO.
Children and Social Work Bill. (2017) House of Lords. (Bill 121 2016-2017) London: TSO.

Key points

• Use the House in which the Bill originated i.e. House of Commons or House of Lords.

Example citation
(Cottrell, 2011) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Cottrell, 2011:97)

Reference elements
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of book (in italics). Edition if applicable., Place of publication: Publisher.

Example reference
Cottrell, S. (2011) Critical thinking skills: developing effective analysis and argument. 2nd ed., Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Key Points

• Please note that the year of publication for a book refers to the year that edition of the book was first published and not the reprint date. If you are presented with a list of years, you need to select the year that edition of the book was first published. For example, if presented with the following information: First published 1992, reprinted 1992, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998 (twice), 1999, 2000, 2002 you would choose 1992 as the year of publication. The reason why you would not choose any of the other years, such as 2002, is because the information in the books that have been reprinted is the same as the information found in the book when it was first published.

• If a book has two or more publication locations listed, you would always select the first one as the place of publication. This should be a town or city and you would not normally need to include any additional location information such as the county, state or country name. The only exception to this is if a foreign city has the same name as one in the UK. In this case, you should also include the abbreviation for the state immediately after the town/city name e.g. Cambridge, Mass. or Perth, WA.

eBooks with no page numbers or differing page numbers to the print book

Some eBooks accessed via eBook providers such as ProQuest and O’Reilly do not have page numbers printed on each page of the book or, may have different page numbers to the print version. In this instance, use the example citation and reference formats below.

Example citation
(Tracy, 2014) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Tracy, 2014:ch 1)

Reference elements
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of book (in italics). [Online] Edition if applicable., Place of publication: Publisher. [Date accessed] URL

Example reference
Tracy, B. (2014) Leadership. [Online] New York: AMACON. [Accessed on 10th August 2022] https://learning.oreilly.com/library/view/leadership-the-brian/9780814433416/xhtml/chapter01.html

Example citation
(Baker, 2017) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Baker, 2017:6)

Reference elements
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of paper (in italics). Organisation/department name briefing paper number. Place of publication: Publisher. [Online] [Access date] URL

Example reference
Baker, C. (2017) Accident and emergency statistics: demand, performance and pressure. House of Commons Library Briefing Paper no. 6964. London: House of Commons Library. [Online] [Accessed on 3rd April 2017] https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN06964/SN06964…

Example citation
(Lawrence, 2020) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Lawrence, 2020:4)

Business case - online copy

Reference elements
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year) Title of case (in italics). Case collection and/or number (if applicable). Place of publication: Publisher. [Online] [Access date] URL

Example references
Lawrence, K. (2020) Was McDonald’s right to fire its CEO? London: SAGE Business Cases Originals. [Online] [Accessed on 20th July 2020] https://sk-sagepub-com.mmu.idm.oclc.org/cases/was-mcdonalds-right-to-fi…

Orradottir, B., Barrio, I. C. and Boyaninska, D. (2019) From bare to birch: large-scale ecosystem restoration in Iceland. Case no. 719-0053-1. Rotterdam: RSM Case Development Centre. [Online] [Accessed on 20th July 2020] https://www.thecasecentre.org/educators/products/view?id=165870

Business case - print copy

Reference elements
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year) Title of case (in italics). Case collection and/or number (if applicable). Place of publication: Publisher.

Example reference
Steenburgh, T. J. and Avery, J. (2010) Marketing analysis toolkit: situation analysis. Harvard Business School Case No. 510-079. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Publishing.

Example citation
(Alternative Power Solution Ltd v Central Electricity Board, 2014) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Alternative Power Solution Ltd v Central Electricity Board, 2014:884)

Reference elements
Party Names (separated by a ‘v’ and in italics) [Year the case was heard] Volume number (if available) Law Report abbreviation Start page.

Example references
Alternative Power Solution Ltd v Central Electricity Board. [2014] 4 All ER 882.
Mountgarrett (Rt Hon Viscount) v Claro Water Board. (1963) 15 P & CR 53.

Key points

• The use of round and square brackets:
• Square brackets are used when the date is essential to locate the case, because there multiple volumes each year.
• If the date is not essential to locate the case, because there is only one volume per year, the year should be entered in round brackets.

Use this format when you are using an edited book where the chapters are written by different authors.

Example citation
Note: The author whose surname you use will be the chapter’s author, not the editor of the book.
(Dickson, 2006) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Dickson, 2006:167)

Reference elements
Surname of the author/s who wrote the chapter, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of the chapter.’ In (in italics) Surname of the editor/s, Initial/s. (ed/s.) Title of book (in italics). Edition if applicable., Place of publication: Publisher, first and last page numbers of the chapter.

Example reference
Dickson, D. (2006) ‘Reflecting.’ In Hargie, O. (ed.) The handbook of communication skills. 3rd ed., London: Routledge, pp. 165-194.

Note:

If the publication date of the chapter is different to the publication date of the book, you need to include both dates in your reference, as follows:

Reference elements
Surname of the author/s who wrote the chapter, Initial/s. (Year of publication of chapter) ‘Title of the chapter.’ In (in italics) Surname of the editor/s, Initial/s. (ed/s.) (Year of publication of book) Title of book (in italics). Edition if applicable., Place of publication: Publisher, first and last page numbers of the chapter.

Example reference
Debord, G. (1955) ‘Introduction to a critique of urban geography.’ In Di Mauro, S. E. and Bauder, H. (eds.) (2008) Critical geographies: a collection of readings. Canada: Praxis Press, pp. 23-27.

Key points

• When you are using different chapters within the edited book, each chapter you cite will have a separate entry in your reference list.

Example citation
(Bureau van Dijk, 2015) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Bureau van Dijk, 2015:online)

Reference elements
Name of organisation (owner of database). (Year of report) Title of report. Title of database. (in italics) [Online] [Date accessed] URL

Example reference
Bureau van Dijk. (2018) AGL Realisations Limited company report. FAME. [Online] [Accessed on 11th July 2023] https://fame.bvdinfo.com/

Follow the format for an Annual report when using information from a company report which has been produced and published by the company itself.

Example citation
(Ubisoft, 2011)

Reference elements
Creator/Developer. (Year of release) Title (in italics). Edition or Version (if applicable). Platform. [Game] Place of publication/distribution: Publisher/Distribution company.

Example reference
Ubisoft. (2010) Assassin’s Creed: Brotherhood. Standard edition. Xbox. [Game] Montreal: Ubisoft.

Online/download version

Reference elements
Creator/Developer. (Year of release) Title (in italics). Edition or Version (if applicable). Platform. [Game] [Access date] URL

Example reference
Blue Byte Mainz. (2015) Anno 2205. Standard edition. PC. [Game] [Accessed on 1st August 2016] https://store.ubi.com/uk/anno-2205/56c4947888a7e300458b4570.html#start=…

A published conference paper is a paper which has been published in the conference proceedings of that particular conference.

Published conference paper - paper copy

Citation elements
Surname of author of paper and the year

Example citation
(Kuznetsov and Kutnetsova, 2001) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Kuznetsov and Kutnetsova, 2001:480)

Reference elements
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of conference paper.’ In (in italics) Name of organisation. Title of conference (including number of annual conference if given) (in italics). Volume number if applicable. Location of conference (venue, city), date of conference. Editor’s (or Chair’s) Surname/s, Initial/s. (ed/s.) (if given) Place of publication: Publisher, first and last page numbers of paper.

Example reference
Kuznetsov, A. and Kuznetsova, O. (2001) ‘The progress of market culture in Russia and managerial response.’ In Academy of International Business. Proceedings of the 28th annual conference of the Academy of International Business (UK chapter) International business in the 21st century: change and continuity - strategies, institutions, regulations and operations. Vol. 1. Manchester Metropolitan University Business School, Manchester, 6th–7th April 2001. McDonald, F. and Tuselman, H. (eds.) Manchester: Manchester Metropolitan University Business School, pp. 471-488.

Published conference paper - online copy

Reference elements
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of conference paper.’ In (in italics) Name of organisation. Title of conference (including number of annual conference if given) (in italics). Volume number if applicable. Location of conference (venue, city), date of conference. Editor’s (or Chair’s) Surname/s, Initial/s. (ed/s.) (if given) Place of publication: Publisher, first and last page numbers of paper. [Online] [Access date] URL

Example reference
Brookes, A. and Clark, C. (2001) ‘Narrative dimensions of transformative learning.’ In Adult Education Research Conference. Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Adult Education Research Conference. Michigan State University, East Lansang, MI, 1st – 3rd June 2001, pp. 1-7. [Online] [Accessed on 3rd April 2018] https://newprairiepress.org/aerc/2001/papers/12/

Key points

• Please note, if any elements of the reference are not ascertainable, such as the editor or publisher details then leave these out, as in the example above
• An online conference paper will usually be downloadable as a PDF document. Please note that quite often the page numbers of the downloaded paper will start at page 1 rather than reflecting its position in the conference proceedings, which is the case for the example reference above. 

Conference presentation document – accessed online

Reference elements
Author’s surname/s, initial/s. (Year of conference) Title of paper (in italics). [Type of document] Title of conference, Location of conference (venue, city), date of conference. [Online] [Access date] URL

Woods, L. (2018) How do computing students use the library? [PowerPoint presentation] Librarians’ Information Literacy Annual Conference, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, 4th April [Online] [Accessed on 13th May 2019] https://www.slideshare.net/infolit_group/how-do-computing-students-use-…

Unpublished conference paper (paper presented at a conference)

Citation elements
Surname of presenter of paper and the year

Example citation
(Meagher, 2007) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Meagher, 2007:presentation)

Reference elements
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of conference) ‘Title of paper.’ Paper presented at: Title of conference (in italics). Location of conference (venue, city), date of conference.

Example reference
Meagher, K. (2007) ‘The importance of public affairs in the business training sector.’ Paper presented at: The Regional Public Affairs Conference: giving the North a voice in Westminster: adding value through public affairs. Manchester Metropolitan University Business School, Manchester, 20th March.

Conference proceedings

Reference elements
Name of organisation. (Year of publication) Title of conference (including number of annual conference if given) (in italics). Volume number if applicable. Location of conference (venue, city), date of conference. Editor’s (or Chair’s) Surname/s, Initial/s. (ed/s.)(if given) Place of publication: Publisher.

Example reference
Academy of International Business. (2001) Proceedings of the 28th annual conference of the Academy of International Business (UK chapter) International business in the 21st century: change and continuity - strategies, institutions, regulations and operations. Vol. 1. Manchester Metropolitan University Business School, Manchester, 6th-7th April 2001. McDonald, F. and Tuselman, H. (eds.) Manchester: Manchester Metropolitan University Business School.

Key points

• Please note that when using information from conference papers, you need to cite the author (for published material) or presenter (for unpublished material) of the paper and not the organisation who held the conference or the editor of the conference proceedings.
• The whole conference proceedings would usually only appear in a bibliography rather than as a cited source, as you would normally cite from a conference paper.
• For published conference papers and conference proceedings, if there are no editor/s listed or it is not clear who the editors are then leave this out.

You do not always need to cite and reference a dictionary definition. Whether you need to or not will depend on the type of dictionary and/or how you are using the definition in your work.

Please see the FAQ: How do I reference a dictionary definition? for further instruction.

Example citation
(Duncan and Trejo, 2011) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Duncan and Trejo, 2011:8)

Discussion papers - online copy

Reference elements
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of paper (in italics). Organisation name discussion paper number. Place of publication: Publisher. [Online] [Date accessed] URL

Example reference
Duncan, B. and Trejo, S. J. (2011) Low-skilled immigrants and the U.S. labor market. IZA Discussion Paper no. 5964. Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor. [Online] [Accessed on 3rd March 2016] http://ftp.iza.org/dp5964.pdf

Discussion papers - print copy

Reference elements
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of paper (in italics). Organisation name discussion paper number. Place of publication: Publisher.

Example reference
Duncan, B. and Trejo, S. J. (2011) Low-skilled immigrants and the U.S. labor market. IZA Discussion Paper no. 5964. Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor.

Example citation
(Strokosch, 2012) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Strokosch, 2012:167)

Dissertations/theses - online copy

Reference elements
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of submission) Title of thesis (in italics). Degree statement. Name of the awarding institution. [Online] [Accessed date] URL

Example reference
Strokosch, K. (2012) Understanding the co-production of public services: the case of asylum seekers in Glasgow. Ph.D. The University of Edinburgh. [Online] [Accessed on 9th September 2019] https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/7885

Dissertations/theses - print copy

Reference elements
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of submission) Title of thesis (in italics). Degree statement. Name of the awarding institution.

Example reference
Gillen, J. K. (1998) An investigation into young children’s telephone discourse. Ph.D. Manchester Metropolitan University.

Key points

• Degree statement refers to whether the dissertation/thesis was for the award of B.A., B.Sc., M.A., M.Sc., Ph.D., etc.

Citation elements
Direct quotes: Author, year:page/location/chapter [whichever is available]

Example citation
(Burrows, 2009) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Burrows, 2009:loc 23)

Reference elements
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of book (in italics). Edition if applicable., [name of ebook reader] Place of publication: Publisher.

Example reference
Burrows, A., Parsons, A., Price, G. and Pilling, G. (2009) Chemistry³: introducing inorganic, organic and physical chemistry. [Kindle Fire] Oxford: Oxford University Press.

EU legislation is also known as regulations, directives, or decisions

Citation elements
When citing legislation you must include the type, number and year of the piece of legislation. The order the legislation number and year appear in the citation should follow the order they appear on the legislation document, as shown in the examples below:

Example citations
(Council Regulation, 1907/2006) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Council Regulation, 1907/2006:45)
(Council Directive, 2014/94) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Council Directive, 2014/94:15)

Reference elements
Legislation type. Legislation number and title. Publication details, including journal title volume (in italics) and date and page numbers.

Example references
Council Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) establishing a European Chemicals Agency. Official Journal L 396, 30/12/2006 pp. 1 – 849.

Council Directive 2014/94/EU of 22 October 2014 on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure. Official Journal L 307, 28/10/2014 pp. 1 – 20.

Key points

• For EU and European Commission communications (COMs), please follow the guidance listed under the Webpage (Including blogs and social media sites) section of the MMU Harvard guide.

An example reference for an EU or European Commission COM would look like this:

European Commission (2022) Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: EU strategy for sustainable and circular textiles. COM no. 141. 30th March 2022 [Online] [Accessed on 5th December 2022] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52022DC0141

The citation (in-text indicator) for the above example would be (European Commission, 2022)

Example citation
(Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy, 2020)

Please note: You do not need to treat citing data from an excel spreadsheet as a direct quote. Therefore, you do not need to use single quotation marks, or a page number in the bracketed citation. Instead, add additional information in the reference, if required, to help direct the reader to the specific data used

Reference elements
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. or Name of organisation. (Year of publication) Title of file (in italics). (Title of tab/section title) Name of organisation (if not already included as the author). [Online] [Date accessed] URL

Example reference
Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy. (2020) Trade union membership statistics 2019: tables. (Table 1.1) [Online] [Accessed on 22nd June 2020] https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/trade-union-statistics-2019

Exhibition catalogues

Example citation
(Serpentine Gallery, 2005) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Serpentine Gallery, 2005:4)

Reference elements
Surname of author/editor, initial/s. (Year) Title of catalogue (in italics). Details of exhibition (as stated on catalogue) Gallery, date. Place of publication: Publisher.

Example reference
Serpentine Gallery. (2005) Rirkrit Tiravanija: a retrospective (tomorrow is another fine day). Catalogue to accompany exhibition held at the Serpentine Gallery, 5th July to 21st August 2005. London: Serpentine Gallery.

Work of art In an exhibition catalogue

Reference elements
Surname of artist, initial. (Year) ‘Title of work of art.’ Description of work of art (if applicable). In (in italics) Surname of author/editor, initial/s, or, Gallery name. (Year) Title of catalogue (in italics). Details of exhibition (as stated on catalogue) Gallery, date. Place of publication: Publisher. Page number/s of Work of art.

Example reference
Tiravanija, R. (1992) ‘Untitled 1992 (free).’ Installation at 303 Gallery, New York. In Serpentine Gallery. (2005) Rirkrit Tiravanija: a retrospective (tomorrow is another fine day). Catalogue to accompany exhibition held at the Serpentine Gallery, 5th July to 21st August 2005. London: Serpentine Gallery, pp. 59-60.

Key points

• If it is a not clear who the author/editor of the exhibition catalogue is, use the gallery name in place of the author/editor as shown in the above examples.

For an example of how to reference this source, refer to the relevant format/medium used to access the source, from the examples below.

Citation elements
Title of the film and year [except for DVD extra features as shown in the related sources section below]

Citation example
(The Terminator, 1984)

For further instruction on citing from a film, including using direct quotes, see the FAQ on ‘Citing someone who is not the author of the source’.

Films watched at a screening eg cinema

Reference elements
Title of the Film (in italics). (Year of production) Directed by director’s Initial/s. Surname/s. [Film] Place of production: Production Company.

Example reference
The Wind that Shakes the Barley. (2006) Directed by K. Loach. [Film] UK: UK Film Council.

DVDs/videos

Reference elements
Title of the DVD/video (in italics). (Year of production) Directed by director’s Initial/s. Surname/s. Material type, either [DVD] or [Video] Place of distribution: Distribution company.

Example Reference
The Matrix Reloaded. (2003) Directed by A. and L. Wachowski. [DVD] Los Angeles: Warner Brothers Inc.

Films accessed online

Reference elements
Title of the Film (in italics). (Year of production) Directed by director’s Initial/s. Surname/s. [Online] Available through (name of online provider). [Date accessed]

Example Reference
Slumdog Millionaire. (2008) Directed by D. Boyle. and L. Tandan. [Online] Available through Netflix. [Accessed on 3rd October 2013]

Related sources

DVD extra feature – documentary

Citation elements
Title of the documentary and year.

Example citation
(Hitchcock: the early years, 2001)

For further instruction on citing from a film, including using direct quotes, see the FAQ on ‘Citing someone who is not the author of the source’

Reference elements
‘Title of documentary.’ (Year) Produced by producer’s Initial/s. Surname/s. Title of DVD/video (in italics). Directed by Director’s Initial/s. surname/s. Material type, either [DVD] or [Video] Place of distribution: Distribution Company.

Example reference
‘Hitchcock: the early years.’ (2001) Produced by D. Lemon. The 39 Steps. Directed by A. Hitchcock. [DVD] UK: Carlton Visual.

DVD extra features – Film commentary

Citation elements
The surname/s of the commentator/s and the year of the commentary.

Example citation
(Altman and Tonkin, 2001) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Altman and Tonkin, 2001:1min 56)

Reference Elements
Commentator’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year) ‘Film commentary.’ Title of the DVD/video (in italics). Directed by director’s Initial/s. Surname/s. Material type, either [DVD] or [Video] Place of distribution: Distribution Company.

Example reference
Altman, R. and Tonkin, M. (2001) ‘Film commentary.’ The Player. Directed by R. Altman. [DVD] USA: Pathė.

DVD extra feature – Interview with film director/s

Citation elements
The surname/s of the interviewee/s and the year of the interview.

Example citation
(Wachowski, 2003) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Wachowski, 2003:3 mins 22)

Reference elements
Interviewee’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year) ‘Title of interview.’ Interviewed by interviewer’s Initial/s. Surname/s. Title of the DVD/video (in italics). Directed by director’s Initial/s. Surname/s. Material type, either [DVD] or [Video] Place of distribution: Distribution Company.

Example reference
Wachowski, A. (2003) ‘Interview with A. Wachowski.’ Interviewed by L. Jones. The Matrix Reloaded. Directed by A. and L. Wachowski. [DVD] Los Angeles: Warner Brothers Inc.

Key points

• Sometimes when citing from a film, you may be citing what someone has said in the film or DVD. In this instance, you need to present your citation differently, including introducing the ‘speaker/s’ name in your writing. Please see the FAQ on ‘Citing someone who is not the author of the source’ for further instruction.
• The order in which the surname and initial/s of the director/s is presented, is opposite to the order in which the names of author/s of books/journal articles/online sources etc. are presented. Here the director’s initial/s are presented before the surname.
• If the title of the film/DVD/video is long, you need to use the full title the first time you refer to it in your assignment. However, the title can be abbreviated from then on. The full title should then be used in the reference list.

Example citation
(Sand, 1932) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Sand, 1932:10)

Book

Reference elements
Author’s surname/s, initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of item. (in italics) (English translation of title.) Place of publication: Publisher.

Example reference
Sand, G. (1932) Histoire de ma vie. (History of my life.) Paris: Calmann-Levy.

Newspaper article - online edition

Reference elements
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of article.’ (English translation of article title.) Title of newspaper (in italics). [Online] Date of publication. [Date accessed] URL

Example reference
El País. (2015) ‘La Semana Santa con más turistas de los últimos ocho años.’ (The Holy Week with the most tourists in the past eight years.) El País. [Online] 7th April. [Accessed on 19th December 2017] https://elpais.com/ccaa/2015/04/07/andalucia/1428434394_012889.html

Key points

• When referencing a foreign language source, only the title of the book, webpage etc. should be translated into English and entered in brackets after the original language title, as shown in the example above. For sources that include two titles in the reference, for example journal articles and newspaper articles, it is the article title that should be translated as shown in the example above.

When using foreign language sources in your assessed work, unless you are a language student, either citing in the language used in the source, or translating it for the purposes of your assignment, follow the guidance below.

• If you wish to cite from a foreign language source, please first check with your tutor that they will permit you to use sources that the reader of your work may not be able to read and therefore verify the information you have cited. If your tutor confirms it is OK, when citing from the source, you should treat using a direct quote in the same way that you would a paraphrase or summary. This is because you are using your own translation of the author’s words and therefore not using the author’s words, word for word, as required when directly quoting. This means you do not use single quotations marks around the words you have translated yourself for the citation, or enter a page number in the citation, unless your tutor has specified the use of page numbers when paraphrasing.

• If the foreign language source is written in a different alphabet e.g., Greek, Korean or Chinese, when creating your reference, you will need to transliterate the reference elements in that script. As with all foreign language sources (that use any alphabet) you will need to include an English translation of the title in round brackets, after of the source title, which in this case will be the transliterated title. You do not need to translate any other elements of the reference.

General reports print copy

NB: for information on citing and referencing Market reports or Annual reports refer to the sections for these sources.

Example citation
(Lowden, 2011) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Lowden, 2011:18)

Reference elements
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. or Name of organisation. (Year of publication) Title of report (in italics). Place of publication: Publisher. (Report code and number)

Reference examples
Lowden, K., Hall, S., Elliot, D. and Lewin, J. (2011) Employers’ perceptions of the employability skills of new graduates. London: Edge Foundation.

ECOTEC. (2003) Guidance on mapping social enterprise: final report to the DTI Social Enterprise Unit. London: ECOTEC Research and Consulting Ltd. (C2453)

Key points

• If there is no report code or number on the report, leave this field blank as in the first example above.

General reports online copy

For General reports located online, follow the format for an Online PDF document.

Example citation
(Department of Education and Science, 1985) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’ (Department of Education and Science, 1985:399)

Reference elements
Government department/organisation for which the publication was produced. (Year of publication) Title (in italics). The word or an abbreviation of the word ‘Command’. Official reference number if there is one, place of publication: Publisher. (Name of chairperson if there is one and the word Report)

Example reference
Department of Education and Science. (1985) Education for all: report of the committee of inquiry into the education of children from ethnic minority groups. Cmnd. 9453, London: HMSO. (Swann Report)

Key points

• It is also useful to know that sometimes the word ‘command’, on command papers and in some reference lists may be abbreviated to Cmnd, Cmd, Cd, Cm or CP.

• Most government publications will have an official reference number. If the paper you have read does not have a number leave this field blank.

• Usually, government White and Green papers are published by either Her Majesty’s Stationery Office (HMSO) or by The Stationery Office (TSO). The abbreviated versions of the publisher’s name can be used in the reference list.

Example citation
(Jones, 2012) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Jones, 2012:presentation)

Reference elements
Author‘s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of presentation) Title of lecture (in italics). Name of institution where the presentation has taken place, city of presentation, date of presentation.

Example reference
Jones, R. (2012) The future of IT and Library Services. Presentation at Wessex University, Wessex, 10th January.

When using an illustration from a source, which may include images, photographs, diagrams, graphs, charts, tables and screenshots, you will have to refer to it three times within your work: a caption underneath the illustration; a citation within the main body of your text to explain why you have included the illustration in your work; and an entry in your reference list (the reference format will depend on source type).

Caption elements
You will usually have to give the illustration a title; this can be your own words or quoted from the original text. As these types of illustrations are exact reproductions you will always need a page number (or the word online for sources without a page number, such as sources found online).

Example caption
Figure 1: Water usage in the North West 2010-2013 (Source: Defra, 2014:online)

Example citation
Figure 1 showing water usage in the North West from 2010 to 2013 (Defra, 2014:online) demonstrates….

Reference elements
The reference will depend on the type of source you have used. Please refer to the relevant section depending on whether you have used a book, journal article etc.

Key points

• When using tables in your work, the caption should state Table #. For all other illustrations use Figure #.

An illustration adapted from the original

For an illustration that you have adapted from the original, you should include a caption and an entry in your reference list.

The caption should include a title for the illustration, a citation for the original source and also indicate that it has been adapted, as shown in the examples below.

Example caption for an illustration adapted from an online source
Figure 1: Water usage in the North West 2010-2013 (Source: [adapted from] Defra, 2014:online)

The word online should be included in the caption, as shown above.

Example caption for an illustration adapted from a printed source
Figure 1: Water usage in the North West 2010-2013 (Source: [adapted from] Defra, 2014:20)

The page number i.e. 20 should be included in the caption, as shown above.

When referring to the adapted illustration in the main body of your text, you do not need to include a citation. However if using information from the original illustration in the main body of your text, you would need to cite it in the usual way.

In your reference list, you will need to include the reference for the original source by following the guidance in the relevant section of the guide for the type of source used.

An illustration you have created yourself using data from sources

When inserting a illustration you have created yourself in your work, using data from sources, for example a table or diagram, your caption would be presented differently to the above instruction.

The example below is for a table. However if you have created your own diagram use a figure number instead.

The table would have a caption including the Table number and title. The title would be your own. Below the table number and title, enter (Data from: ..) followed by a citation or a multiple citation depending on the number of sources you have obtained the data from.

Example caption
Table 1: Product prices.
(Data from: Asda, 2020; Sainsbury’s, 2020; Tesco, 2020)

Please note: the multiple citation in the bracket above would follow the order for Citing multiple sources. In addition, you may need to refer to the instruction for An author who has published more than one piece of work in the same year.

When referring to the table as a whole in the main body of your assignment, you would not need to include a citation, as the table is your own creation. For example if you are simply stating: Table 1 shows the prices for products…

However if you are referring to specific data in the table, you would cite it in the usual way.

You would then need an entry in your reference list for each source from which you obtained the data. Your reference would then follow the format required for the particular source.

Key points

• When using tables in your work, the caption should state Table #. For all other illustrations use Figure #.

For a Work of Art reproduced in a book see the entry for ‘Reproduction in a book’ under the Works of Art section.

PLEASE NOTE: In most cases, journal articles accessed online are referenced in the same way as a print copy of the article. This is because most journal articles accessed online are simply scanned copies of the print version, therefore please follow the format below. 

When referencing a journal article, the convention is usually to capitalise the first letter for each word in the journal title, but smaller connecting words such as ‘and’ or ‘of’ would not need to be in capitals e.g. Cross Cultural and Strategic Management.

Example citation
(Barnes and Brannelly, 2008) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Barnes and Brannelly, 2008:32)

Reference elements
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of journal article.’ Title of journal (in italics), Volume number(Issue number) first and last page numbers of whole journal article.

Example reference
Barnes, M. and Brannelly, T. (2008) ‘Achieving care and social justice for people with dementia.’ Nursing Ethics, 15(3) pp. 384-395.

Articles with no author

If there is no author’s name provided on an article use the journal title in place of the author, as shown in the example below.

Accountancy. (2009) ‘Innocent wants VAT relief on smoothies.’ Accountancy, 143(1389) p. 14.

Articles with no issue number

If there is no issue number available, use the month or season in which the journal was published, as shown in the example below.

Kitwood, T. (1988) ‘The technical, the personal, and the framing of dementia.’ Social Behaviour: an International Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 3, June, pp. 83-91.

Articles with no volume number

If there is no volume number available, use the month or season in which the journal was published, as shown in the example below.

Income Data Services. (2008) ‘Establishing an employer brand.’ IDS HR Studies, (872) June, pp. 2-8.

Articles from a supplement issue

If an article is from a supplement issue, use the format below for the volume, supplement issue and page numbers.

Castell, G.S., Serra-Majem, L. and Ribas-Barba, L. (2015) ’ What and how much do we eat? 24-hour dietary recall method.’ Nutricion Hospitalaria, 31(S3) pp. 46-48.

If ‘S’ appears before the article page numbers, you should also include this in your reference, as shown in the example below.

Broady, T.R., Brener, L., Hopwood, M., Cama, E., Treloar, C. and Holt, M. (2020) ‘HIV stigma by association among Australian gay and bisexual men.’ AIDS, 34(S1) pp. S53-S61.

Online journals

PLEASE NOTE: In most cases, journal articles accessed online are referenced in the same way as a print copy of the article. This is because most journal articles accessed online are simply scanned copies of the print version.

However, there are exceptions where articles are only available online, or, appear online ahead of being assigned to an issue of the journal. In either case, you will be required to format the reference differently to a print journal article, using slightly different or additional elements for the full reference. This is in order to provide sufficient information so that others can find the same article.

General rules:

• If the online journal article has a download option, then use this to identify page numbers, particularly for citing direct quotes, where a page number is required. Please note that quite often the page numbers of the downloaded article will start at page 1 rather than reflecting its position in the journal.
• If available, include the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) of the article when referencing online journal articles. This is the unique number for the online article and can usually be found on the article or abstract page.
• If there is no DOI available, use the URL instead.

Examples of types of online journal articles

First online journal articles

It is important to indicate, when referencing a journal article that appears online ahead of the issue publication, that this is the case. This is because when the article is assigned to an issue at a later date, the publication date details will change. Publishers may refer to these articles as ‘first online’, ‘online first’, ‘early view’, ‘article in press’ or ‘provisional article’ (this specific terminology should be included in the reference – see below) and at the time of access may not have volume, issue or page number details.

Reference elements
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of journal article.’ Title of journal (in italics). [Online] ‘First online’ (or publisher’s terminology) online publication date. [Access date] DOI: number

Example reference
Watkins, L., Kuhn, M., Ledbetter-Cho, K., Gevarter, C. and O’Reilly, M. (2015) ‘Evidence-based social communication interventions for children with autism spectrum disorder.’ The Indian Journal of Pediatrics. [Online] ‘First online’ published 19th November 2015. [Accessed on 16th May 2016] DOI: 10.1007/s12098-015-1938-5

Online only journal articles

Some journal titles are only published online and are not available in print format. As such, often they do not have the same details as print journal articles, for example no issue number. If this is the case and other details are provided, such as an article number, include this instead as in the first example below.

Reference elements
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of journal article.’ Title of journal (in italics) , Volume number(Issue number) or Volume number:article number, first and last page numbers of whole journal article (if applicable). [Online] [Access date] DOI: or URL

Example references
McCulloch, P. F., Warren, E. A. and DiNovo, K. M. (2016) ‘Repetitive diving in trained rats still increases Fos production in brainstem neurons after bilateral sectioning of the anterior ethmoidal nerve.’ Frontiers in Physiology, 7:148, pp. 1-12. [Online] [Accessed on 26th April 2016] DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00148

Preprint journal articles

Preprint journal articles have been accepted by the journal editorial team but have not been assigned to an issue, or, published online on the journal website. These articles can be found on preprint websites.

For articles on preprint websites, that have not been accepted by a journal, see the section on Preprint articles.

Reference elements
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of journal article.’ Title of journal (in italics). Preprint Date (month and year) [Online] [Access date] DOI: number or URL

Example references
Fezzi, C. and Fanghella, V. (2020) ‘Real-time estimation of the short-run impact of COVID-19 on economic activity using electricity market data.’ Environmental and Resource Economics. Preprint July 2020. [Online] [Accessed on 23th July 2020] https://arxiv.org/abs/2007.03477

Example citation
(Gimson, 2012)

Reference elements
Editor’s surname/s, initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of issue.’ [Special issue] Title of Journal (in italics), volume number(issue number).

Gimson, A. (ed.) (2012) ‘Nurturing creativity & innovation.’ [Special issue] Development and Learning in Organizations: an International Journal, 26(6).

Key points

• You would normally only cite and reference a whole journal when it is a special issue with a common theme throughout all articles within that issue, and you are referring to a common theme in your work.
• If you are citing from individual articles within a special issue, you should cite and reference each individual article in the format provided above for journal articles.
• When citing from a special issue, you should use the editor’s name in the citation and reference.
• An ordinary issue would not usually have a title, so again you should cite and reference the individual articles in the format provided for journal articles.

Example citation
(Manchester Metropolitan University, no date) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Manchester Metropolitan University, no date:leaflet)

Reference elements
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. or Name of organisation. (Year of publication) Title or description (in italics). [Type of source e.g. leaflet or poster] Place of publication if available or location the medium was viewed: Publisher if available or date the information was viewed.

Example references
Counselling Service. (no date) Need to talk? [Leaflet] Manchester: Manchester Metropolitan University.

The National Student Survey. (no date) Be heard. [Poster] Reception area, Gaskell campus: Date viewed 29th January 2013.

If an author or organisation’s name is not present you should provide the following information in the format as follows:

Reference elements
Description of the source (in italics). (Year of publication) [Type of source e.g. leaflet, poster] Place of publication if available or location the medium was viewed: Publisher if available or date the information was viewed.

Example reference
The Foyer-UNIAID accommodation bursaries. (2009) [Poster] Student services notice board, Didsbury campus: Date viewed 9th February 2009.

Key points

• When citing, if there is no creator’s name on the item, use the name of the organisation that produced it.
• If there is no information about the publisher provided, state the location where the source was viewed (to replace the place of publication) and the date it was viewed (to replace the publisher).

PLEASE NOTE: Citing and referencing information from lecture notes is not recommended by certain courses. Please check with your programme team to clarify whether this is acceptable practice before you use this source.

Example citation
(Robinson, 2004) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Robinson, 2004:1)

Reference elements
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of production) Title of the lecture notes (in italics). Place of publication: Publisher. Number of pages in handout, distribution date, the lecture number ‘module name’.

Example reference
Robinson, J. (2004) No title. Wolverhampton: University of Wolverhampton. 3-page handout, distributed on 13th March 2005, in lecture 3 for module ‘Teaching gymnastics’.

Key points

• If the lecture notes do not have a title then write ‘No title’ where the title should be, as shown in the example above.
• If there is no place of publication and publishing information it is safe to assume these will be the university you attend.
• If you do not have the lecture number or module name you can leave this information out of the reference.

Magazine articles

Example citation
(Freud, 2019) or of using a direct quote (Freud, 2019:81)

In most instances, magazine articles are referenced as journal articles. Like journal articles, magazine articles that are accessed online and are also available in print are referenced in the same way as the print copy.

Reference elements
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of article.’ Title of magazine (in italics), Volume number(Issue number) first and last page numbers of whole article.

Example references
Baker, S. (2000) ‘Wall Street darling to become the next billion-dollar baby.’ Apparel Industry Magazine, 61(12) p. 10.

Freud, E. (2019) ‘In at the deep end.’ Vogue, June, pp. 80-81.

Key points

• Use the month in place of the volume and issue number if the magazine is published by month, as in the second example above.
• If no author’s name is displayed on the article, use the title of magazine at the start of the reference, in place of the author.
• For print magazine articles accessed online, you may need to download the article to identify the page number/s.
• See the section on Journal articles for further instruction if required.

Online magazine articles

Online magazines articles are published on the magazine’s website and often are not available in print issues, or, are a different version to the print edition. Volume and issue numbers are therefore not specified.

For online magazine articles, follow the format for an Online newspaper article, as below.

Reference elements
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of article.’ Title of magazine (in italics). [Online] Date of publication. [Date accessed] URL

Example reference
Okwodu, J. (2017) ‘Was Fall 2017 the season curves conquered the runways?’ Vogue. [Online] 6th March. [Accessed on 22nd March 2018] http://www.vogue.com/article/curve-models-fall-2017-runways-size-divers…

Key points

• If a specific date is provided (day and month, as in the above example), rather than a volume/issue number or month, this would identify the article as an online magazine article.

• See the section on Newspaper articles (Online edition) for further instruction if required.

Market Reports/Company and Industry profiles/Country reports - online copy

Example citation
(Mintel, 2012) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’ (Mintel, 2012:online)

Reference elements
Name of research company or organisation. (Year of publication) Title of report (in italics). Date of report (month and year – if available). [Online] [Date accessed] URL

Example reference
Mintel. (2012) Coffee shops: UK. February 2012. [Online] [Accessed on 14th April 2012] http://academic.mintel.com

Marketline. (2015) Adidas AG. October 2015. [Online] [Accessed on 11th July 2023] https://search-ebscohost-com.mmu.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db… 

Euromonitor International. (2017) Apparel and footwear in the United Kingdom. January 2017. [Online] [Accessed on 11th July 2023] https://www-portal-euromonitor-com.mmu.idm.oclc.org/magazine/homemain/

Key points

• To cite and reference a market report you will generally have to use the name of research company or organisation’s name in place of the author’s name as an author name is usually not given.
• If the URL for the webpage where the report was found requires you to login with a username and password, use the homepage of the database in your reference (this will be the first page you view after you have logged into the database). Or, if available, use the a permalink/stable URL, (this will usually be found on the abstract page) as in the second example above.

Market Reports/Company and Industry profiles/Country reports - print copy

Example citation
(Mintel, 2012) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Mintel, 2012:5)

Reference elements
Name of research company or organisation. (Year of publication) Title of report (in italics). Date of report (month and year- if available). Edition if applicable., Place of publication: Publisher.

Example reference 

Mintel. (2012) Coffee shops: UK. February 2012. London: Mintel Group.      

Paper edition

Example citation
(Moore, 2007) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Moore, 2007:3)

Reference elements
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of article.’ Name of newspaper (in italics). Name of supplement if applicable. Date of publication. Edition if applicable, Page number of article.

Example reference
Moore, S. (2007) ‘Careers are calling.’ Manchester Evening News. MEN job search supplement. 18th January. City edition, p. 3.

Online edition

Example citation
(Arthur, 2012) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Arthur, 2012:online)

Reference elements
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of article.’ Name of newspaper (in italics). [Online] Date of publication. [Date accessed] URL

Example reference
Arthur, C. (2012) ‘YouTube loses music clip copyright battle in court.’ The Guardian. [Online] 24th April. [Accessed on 24th April 2012] http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2012/apr/20/youtube-music-clip-cop…

Key points

• If there is no author given use the title of the newspaper in place of the author.
• If there is no publication date state no date in place of the year.
• For newspaper articles located on the LexisLibrary database, reference as a print copy article, as these are scanned copies of articles from the print edition

Citation elements
(Owner/creator, Year) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Owner/creator, Year:mins seconds)

Example citation
(UCL Institute of Education, 2018) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (UCL Institute of Education, 2018:6 mins 23)

Reference elements
Owner/creator surname, initial/s. (Year of publication) Title (in italics). Name of organisation (if different to owner/creator). [Online audio] [Date accessed] URL

Example reference
UCL Institute of Education. (2018) What if… we really wanted to support schools facing the greatest challenge? [Online audio] [Accessed on 12th April 2018] https://soundcloud.com/ioelondon/what-if-we-really-wanted-to-support-sc…

Online audio – an episode as part of series

Reference elements
Owner/creator surname, initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of episode.’ Title (in italics). Name of organisation (if different to owner/creator). [Online audio] [Date accessed] URL

Example reference
Mad in America. (2017) ‘Lucy Johnstone: the power threat meaning framework.’ Mad in America: science, psychiatry and social justice. [Online audio] [Accessed on 29th November 2018] https://itunes.apple.com/gb/podcast/mad-in-america-science-psychiatry-a…

Key points

• To quote directly you need the time at which the words were spoken within the audio, as shown in the example citation above.
• Sometimes when citing from an online audio you are not citing the owner/creator of the source. Instead you may be citing someone else speaking in the audio recording. In this instance, you need to present your citation differently, including introducing the ‘speaker/s’ name in your writing. Please see the FAQ on ‘Citing someone who is not the author of the source’ for further instruction.

This reference type is used for standalone images, where there is little or no accompanying text, such as image websites. For images located in all other source types, follow the reference format for that particular source.

Example citation
(Allison, 2007)

Reference elements
Creator’s surname/s, Initial/s. or Name of organisation. (Year of publication) Title of image or description of image (in italics). Name of organisation (if not already stated). [Online image] [Date accessed] URL

Example references
Allison, C. (2007) Tornado picture. Oklahoma weather stock: photo and video stock by Charles Allison. [Online image] [Accessed on 16th February 2009] http://www.oklahomalightning.com/TornadoPics/TornadoPics.htm

Key points

• Instead of author’s surname/s you will use the creator’s surname/s or the organisation’s name.
• Occasionally, a year of publication may not be provided. If this is the case, you must state there is (no date).
• If no title is available, instead provide a brief description of the image/photo. If there are a number of images/photos on the page where you accessed the information and they all show the same image, you do not need to distinguish between them. However you must make sure you do provide a description.

Example citation
(Department for Education, 2014) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Department for Education, 2014:35)

Reference elements
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. or Name of organisation. (Year of publication) Title (in italics). Edition if applicable., Place of publication if ascertainable: Publisher. [Online] [Date accessed] URL

Example reference
Department for Education. (2014) The national curriculum in England: framework document. Unknown place of publication: Department for Education. [Online] [Accessed on 28th September 2017] https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/fi…

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2011) Alcohol-use disorders: diagnosis, assessment and management of harmful drinking and alcohol dependence. CG115. Manchester: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. [Online] [Accessed on 4th January 2017] https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg115/resources/alcoholuse-disorders-d…

The Office for Standards in Education, Children’s Services and Skills. (2015) The framework for the inspection of local authority arrangements for supporting school improvement. Manchester: The Office for Standards in Education, Children’s Services and Skills. [Online] [Accessed on 27th February 2018] https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/fi…

Key points

• This referencing format should NOT be used to reference journal articles that have been found on electronic databases. Most electronic journal articles should be referenced in the same way as paper copies; see section on journal articles for more information.
• If one of the publication details is missing you can use the following:
  • if the place of publication is not provided use: Unknown place of publication
  • if the publisher information is not provided use: Unknown publisher
• If both the place of publication and the publisher details are missing then leave these elements out completely
• Sometimes it may be important to also include a document reference number in the reference. If this is the case, add the number after the title as shown in the second example reference above.

A chapter in an online PDF document

Reference elements
Surname of the author/s who wrote the chapter, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of the chapter.’ In (in italics) Surname of the editor/s, Initial/s. (ed/s.) Title (in italics). Edition if applicable. Place of publication if ascertainable: Publisher, first and last page numbers of the chapter. [Online] [Date accessed] URL

Example reference
Stansfeld, S., Clark, C., Bebbington, P., King, M., Jenkins, R. and Hinchliffe, S. (2016) ‘Common mental disorders.’ In McManus, S., Bebbington, P., Jenkins, R. and Brugha, T. (eds.) Mental health and wellbeing in England: adult psychiatric morbidity survey 2014. Leeds: NHS Digital, pp. 37-68. [Online] [Accessed on 28th November 2017] https://files.digital.nhs.uk/pdf/q/3/mental_health_and_wellbeing_in_eng…

Example citation
(MMU Library Services, 2014) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (MMU Library Services, 2014:1min 56)

Reference elements
Owner/creator. (Year) Title (in italics). [Online video] [Date accessed] URL

Example references
MMU Library Services. (2014) How to avoid plagiarism. [Online video] [Accessed on 10th June 2014] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IicBnQl2czM

TEDx Talks. (2001) TEDxSydney: Richard Gill - The Value of Music Education. [Online video] [Accessed on 27th October 2016] https://youtu.be/HeRus3NVbwE

A video that is part of a collection or series

Reference elements
Owner/creator surname, initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of video.’ Title of collection/series (in italics). Name of organisation (if different to owner/creator). [Online video] [Date accessed] URL

Example reference
Ashman, I. (2011) ‘Ethical Leadership.’ HS Talks. [Online video] [Accessed on 22nd November 2020] https://hstalks.com/t/1934/ethical-leadership/

Key points

• To quote directly you need the time at which the words were spoken within the video, as shown in the example citation above.
• Sometimes when citing from an online video you are not citing the owner/creator of the source. Instead you may be citing someone else speaking in the video. In this instance, you need to present your citation differently, including introducing the ‘speaker/s’ name in your writing. Please see the FAQ on ‘Citing someone who is not the author of the source’ for further instruction.

Citation elements
(Abbreviation for House and Debate Date of debate)

Example citation
(HC Deb 12th January 2022)

Parliamentary debate print copy

Reference elements
Abbreviation for House and Debate Date of debate, Volume number, Column number.

Example reference
HC Deb 9th December 2015, 603, col. 998.

Parliamentary debate online version

Reference elements
Abbreviation for House and Debate Date of debate, Volume number, Column number. [Online] [Access date] URL

Example reference
HC Deb 12th January 2022, 706, col. 577. [Online] [Accessed on 28th January 2022] https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2022-01-12/debates/63DB2B8B-BC94-4108-A273-68197DD23A32/VaccinationStrategy#contribution-9CF02371-6CC1-4DEF-AB56-44B2439A36C8

Example citation
(Redfern et al., 2001) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Redfern et al., 2001:13)

Reference elements
Author surname/s, initial/s. or, Name of body/committee. (Year) Title of paper/report (in italics). Paper reference number. Place of publication: Publisher. [Online] [Date accessed] URL

Example reference
Redfern, M., Keeling, J. and Powell, E. (2001) The Royal Liverpool Children’s Inquiry report. HC12-II. London: TSO. [Online] [Accessed on 21st March 2017] https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/fi…

House of Commons Education Select Committee. (2010) The responsibilities of the Secretary of State: oral and written evidence taken before the Education Committee on the 28th July 2010. HC 395-i. London: TSO. [Online] [Accessed on 27th February 2017] https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/cmselect/cmeduc/395-…

Key points

• Parliamentary papers will have an official reference number, for example, for House of Commons papers this will begin with HC.
• Usually, Parliamentary papers are published by either Her Majesty’s Stationery Office (HMSO) or by The Stationery Office (TSO). The abbreviated versions of the publisher’s name can be used in the reference list.

Example citation
(SkyBell Technologies, 2020) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (SkyBell Technologies, 2020:1)

Reference elements
Applicant of patent. (Year) Title of patent (in italics). Name of inventor/s (if different to applicant). Official patent series Patent Serial Number.

Example references
SkyBell Technologies, Inc. (2015) Doorbell security and safety. Invented by Joseph Frank Scalisi. United States Patent 9,060,103 B2.

Citing plays by paraphrasing or summarising

Citation elements
When citing from a play by paraphrasing or summarising, the information will be presented as shown below.

Playwright’s surname and the year the play was written or the year of the edition/reprint.

Example citations
(Churchill, 1994)

(Shakespeare, 1995)

Citing plays using a direct quote

When citing from a play using a direct quote, the information will be presented as shown below.

Playwright’s surname, the year the play was written, or the year of the edition/reprint:act number (in Roman numerals).scene number.line number/s.

If the script is not presented with act, scene and line numbers, use the page number, as shown in the second example below.

(Shakespeare, 1995:I.4.12)

(Churchill, 1994:6)

Citing more than one play by the same playwright

If you are discussing more than one play by the same playwright, if appropriate, introduce the title of the play (in italics) in your writing when you first mention it, and cite as above. Subsequent citations can then include the title of the play.

Example citations
(Twelfth Night:I.4.12)

(The Skriker:6)

Reference elements
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of the edition) Title of play (in italics). Editor’s surname/s, initial/s. (ed/s.) Edition if applicable., Place of publication: Publisher.

Example reference
Shakespeare, W. (1995) Twelfth Night. Warren, R. and Wells, T. (eds.) Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Churchill, C. (1994) The Skriker. London: Nick Hern Books.

For podcasts, follow the format for an Online audio

To reference a poem, the reference should reflect the specific source/collection in which the poem is located.

Citing a collection of poems by the same author

Citation elements

(Author/ surname, year of publication of the source)

Example citation

(Duffy, 2015)

Referencing a collection of poems by the same author

Reference elements

Author surname, initial/s. (Year of publication) Title of book (in italics). Place of publication: Publisher.

Example reference

Duffy, C. A. (2015) Collected poems. London: Picador.

Citing a whole poem

It may be appropriate to introduce the author and title of the poem in your writing. The reference for this would be easily located in your reference list – see below for instruction.

When introducing the title of the poem in your work, place it in single quotation marks, for example, ‘Whatever’.  Place book titles/poetry collections or anthologies in italics, for example, Collected poems.  The first time you use an author’s name in your writing, use their full name. Use only the surname for subsequent mentions of the same author.

If however, it is not appropriate to name the author or title of the poem for the purpose of your assignment, your citation should be formatted as below.

Citation elements

(Author surname, Title of poem)

Example citation

(Duffy, Whatever)

Citing a section or specific line/s of a poem

The line number/s of the poem is used in the citation when citing a specific section or line of a poem.  If a poem has stanzas, also use the stanza number in the citation to help direct the reader to the section you are citing.  If the poem does not have stanzas then leave this element out, as in the second example below.

If you have introduced the author and title of the poem in your writing, then you only need to use the stanza and/or line number in the citation, for example: (stanza 3, lines 1-2).

If however, you have not introduced the author and title of the poem in your writing, as there is no specific need for the purpose of your assignment, your citation should be formatted as below.

Citation elements

(Author surname, stanza no. [if applicable], line no./s)

Example citations

(Duffy, Whatever, stanza 3, lines 1-2)

(Duffy, Spell, line 2)

Direct quotes

When quoting directly from poetry, two lines of poetry/verse can be incorporated into the sentence. More than two lines of poetry/verse should be indented and placed in a separate paragraph. Please see the section on Direct quotes for examples of how this is presented.

If you need to emphasize enjambment in only two lines of poetry, you can also place in a separate paragraph and indent,

Referencing poems

The reference should reflect the specific source in which you located the poem, whether that is a book/webpage etc. Therefore the elements of the reference would be depend on the source, for example:

Poem located in a book

Reference elements

Author surname, initial/s. (year of publication of the source) ‘Title of poem.’ In Author/editor of publication/source (if different to author/poet of cited poem) Title of publication/source (in italics). Place of publication: Publisher, page number/s.

Example references

Duffy, C. A. (2015) ‘Whatever.’ In Collected poems. London: Picador, p. 413.

Duffy, C. A. (2015) ‘Spell.’ In Collected poems. London: Picador, p. 481.

Poem located on a webpage

Reference elements

Author surname, initial/s. (year of publication of the source) ‘Title of poem.’ In Title of source/website (in italics). [Online] [Access date] URL

Example reference

Duffy, C. A. (2005) ‘Whatever.’ In The Poetry Archive. [Online] [Accessed on 2^nd November 2018] https://www.poetryarchive.org/poem/whatever  

Example citation
(Christensen, 2020) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Christensen, 2020:8)

Reference elements
Author/s surname, initial/s. (Year) Title of article (in italics). Preprint date (month and year). [Online] [Accessed date] URL

Example reference
Christensen, T. M. (2020) Existence and uniqueness of recursive utilities without boundedness. Preprint July 2020. [Online] [Accessed on 1st August 2020] https://arxiv.org/abs/2008.00963

Key points

• If a preprint article has been accepted to be published in a specific journal, follow the format as outlined for ‘Preprint journal articles’ in the Journal articles section

Example citation
(Natural England, 2016) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Natural England, 2016:online)

Please note, a page number would be used in the citation for a direct quote, if the source provides page numbers. However, the example citations and reference are from press releases published on a webpage, therefore ‘online’ is used in the example citation, in place of a page number

Reference elements
Name of organisation/body/office. (Year of publication) Title of page (in italics). Date of press release (day and month), press release number (if available). Organisational department (if different to author). [Online] [Date accessed] URL

Example references
Office of Public Affairs. (2015) Nine FIFA officials and five corporate executives indicted for racketeering conspiracy and corruption. 27th May, press release no. 15-677. Department of Justice, US. [Online] [Accessed on 8th November 2017] https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/nine-fifa-officials-and-five-corporate-e…

Natural England. (2016) England’s largest outdoor learning project reveals children more motivated to learn when outside. 14th July. [Online] [Accessed on 26th May 2020] https://www.gov.uk/government/news/englands-largest-outdoor-learning-pr… 

Citation elements
Name of religious text, Book, text marker e.g. chapter and verse.

Example citation
(John, 3:16)

OR

(The Koran, The Cow, 2:238)

Reference elements
Full title of text, including sub-title (in italics). (Year of publication) Place of publication: Publisher.

Example reference
The Bible: authorized King James version. (2008) Oxford: Oxford Paperbacks.

Key points

• To cite a religious text you would do so as above, whether or not it is a direct quote or paraphrased.

Secondary referencing refers to citing an author cited in another source. If you want to use information that an author has cited, it is best practice to locate the original source and cite and reference it. This is because when using a secondary citation, you are using an author’s interpretation of the original source which you have not read. 

PLEASE NOTE: check with your tutor if it is acceptable to use secondary citations in your academic work and if it is, use them sparingly.

Example citation
(Bridgstock, 2009, cited in Cottrell, 2015) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Bridgstock, 2009, cited in Cottrell, 2015:276)

When using the author’s name in your writing:

Bridgstock (2009, cited in Cottrell, 2015)…

Reference elements
In your reference list you only need to reference the source of information you have consulted, be this a book, article, webpage etc. In the above example you would enter the source by Cottrell in your reference list and not Bridgstock.

Cottrell, S. (2015) Skills for success: personal development and employability. 3rd ed., London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Key points

• When citing within the text, you need to include the surname of the author whose idea you are using and the surname of the author of the book/journal from which you found the information.
• When using a direct quote which is a secondary reference, you also need to include a page number in the citation. This should be the page number of the source you have consulted and not the page number of the original source.
• When referencing a secondary source, you only need to mention the author/s of the source (be it a book, journal, online article etc.) where the information was found and not the author whose idea you cited.

Example citation
(IBM Corporation, 2016) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’ (IBM Corporation, 2016:online)

Reference elements
Software developer/owner. (year of release) Title of software (in italics). Version/edition number. [Software] Place of publication/production: Publisher. [Access date] download URL if available

Example reference
IBM Corporation. (2016) SPSS Statistics. Version 24. [Software] New York: IBM Corporation. [Accessed on 30th March 2017]

Citation elements
The artist, and the year the song was released.

Example citation
(Lennon, 1971) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Lennon, 1971:1min 5)

Referencing a song from a single (A or B sides)

Reference elements
Artist’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of release) ‘Title of song.’ Title of single (in italics). [format, medium] Location of record label: Record label.

Example reference
Lennon, J. (1971) ‘Working class hero.’ Imagine. [single, vinyl record] UK: Apple.

Referencing a song from an album

Reference elements
Artist’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of release) ‘Title of song.’ Title of album (in italics). [format, medium] Location of record label: Record label.

Example reference
Lennon, J. (1971) ‘Imagine.’ Imagine. [album, vinyl record] UK: Apple.

Referencing an entire album

Reference elements
Artist’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of release) Title of album (in italics). [format, medium] Location of record label: Record label.

Example reference
Lennon, J. (1971) Imagine. [album, CD] UK: Apple.

Referencing songs accessed online

Reference elements
Artist’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of release) ‘Title of song.’ Title of album (in italics). [Online] Available through (online provider). [Access date]

Example reference
Lennon, J. (1971) ‘Imagine.’ Imagine. [Online] Available through Spotify. [Accessed 4th September 2019]

Sometimes sources can have a very high number of authors, particularly journal articles and reports.  When referencing a source that has many authors, i.e. more than eight, you do not need to add all of the author’s names in the reference.  Instead, add the first eight authors listed, followed by et al.  You do not need to enter ‘and’ between the seventh and eighth author listed.

Journal article example:

Dunstan, D. W., Zimmet, P. Z., Welborn, T. A., de Courten, M. P., Cameron, A. J., Sicree, R. A., Dwyer, T., Colagiuri, S., et al. (2002) ‘The rising prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance: the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study.’ Diabetes Care, 25(5) pp. 829–834.

The citation for the above article would be:

(Dunstan et al., 2002)

Check the relevant reference type in this guide for instruction on what to use when no author’s name is provided on the source.

In many cases the organisation’s name is used in place of the author, for example, for online sources such as webpages.

In some instances the publication title is used in place of the author, for example journal articles and newspaper articles, where no author/reporter’s name is present.

Anonymous and Anon

Where ‘Anon’ or ‘Anonymous’ are clearly stated on the source of information, use this in place of the author.

Example reference
Anonymous. (1996) Primary colors: a novel of politics. New York: Vintage.

Author unknown

There may be rare instances where no author’s name is present, the information was not produced by an organisation, the reference type does not specify using the publication title in place of the author, or Anon/Anonymous is not clearly stated on the source. You may come across this in both printed and online sources. In these instances, you should state ‘Author unknown’ in place of the author.

Example citation
(Thunberg, 2019) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Thunberg, 2019:online)

Please note, a page number would be used in the citation for a direct quote, if the source provides page numbers. However, this example citation is from a speech published on a webpage, therefore ‘online’ is used in place of a page number

Reference elements
Surname of speaker, initial/s. (Year of speech) ‘Title of speech.’ Location Delivered, Date Delivered. [Format] In Source in which speech was located.

Example reference

Hancock, M. (2018) ‘Leadership within the NHS.’ Leaders in healthcare conference, 15th November. [Transcript] In Department of Health and Social Care. Speech: leadership within the NHS. [Online] [Accessed on 23rd April 2020] https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/leadership-within-the-nhs

Thunberg, G. (2019) ‘You did not act in time.’ Houses of Parliament, 23rd April. [Transcript] In The Guardian. ‘‘You did not act in time’: Greta Thunberg’s full speech to MPs.’ The Guardian. [Online] 23th April. [Accessed on 25th April 2019] https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/apr/23/greta-thunberg-full…

Thunberg, G. (2019) ‘You did not act in time.’ Houses of Parliament, 23rd April. [Online video] In WWF UK. Greta Thunberg full speech to UK Parliament: climate strikes. [Online video] [Accessed on 21st February 2020] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rYNM4rsnNFM

Key points

• In your reference, the details of the speech are provided and the source in which it was located. This will therefore indicate the version of the speech you have used in your work.
• When referencing a speech, you also need to consult the relevant section of the guide and include the reference format for the source in which the speech was located.
• Speeches can be accessed in different formats, for example, a transcript, an online video recording, an online audio recording. Therefore, you need to indicate the format in your reference.
• When entering the source in which the speech was located you do not need to repeat elements already entered for the speech elements, for example the year.

Example citation
(British Standards Institution, 2008) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (British Standards Institution, 2008:21)

Reference elements
Name of authorising organisation. (Year of Publication) Identifying letters and numbers and full title of Standard (in italics). Place of publication: Publisher.

Example reference
British Standards Institution. (2008) BS 9999:2008 Code of practice for fire safety in the design, management and use of buildings. Milton Keynes: BSI.

Example citation
The 2014 Food Information Regulations, OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, The 2014 Food Information Regulations (2014:27)

Reference elements
The title of Statutory Instrument (also known as Orders, Rules and Regulations) and year. (The SI number) Place of publication: Publisher

Example reference
The Food Information Regulations 2014. (SI 1855) Norwich: TSO.

Example citation
(Michelessi and Lindsley, 2016) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Michelessi and Lindsley, 2016:8)

Reference elements
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of review) ‘Title of review.’ Title of database (in Italics), Issue number:article number, first and last page numbers of review article. [Online] [Date accessed] URL

Example reference
Michelessi, M. and Lindsley, K. (2016) ‘Peripheral iridotomy for pigmentary glaucoma.’ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 2:CD005644, pp. 1-33. [Online] [Accessed on 7th April 2016] https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005655.pub2…

Translated book

Example citation
(Siohan,1959) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Siohan,1959:51)

Reference elements
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication of original work) Title of book (in italics). Translated by Initial/s. Surname of translator, year of translated publication. Place of publication: Publisher.

Example reference
Siohan, R. (1959) Stravinsky. Translated by E. W. White, 1965. London: Calder and Boyars Ltd.

Translated book with editor

Example citation
(Vygotsky,1934) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Vygotsky,1934:84)

Reference elements
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication of original work) Title of book (in italics). Translated by Initial/s. Surname of translator, year of translated publication. Surname of editor/s, initial./s. (ed/s.) (Year if different to translated year) Place of publication: Publisher.

Example reference
Vygotsky, L. S. (1934) Thought and language. Translated by E. Hanfmann and G. Vakar, 1962. Kozulin, A. (ed.) (2012) Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Translated book with Introduction/section written by another author

Example citation
(Thurman, 2010) OR, if using a ‘direct quote’, (Thurman, 2010:xv)

Reference elements
Surname of author/s who wrote introduction, initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of Introduction/section.’ In (in italics) Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication of original work) Title of book (in italics). Translated by Initial/s. Surname of translator, year of translated publication. Place of publication: Publisher, first and last page numbers of the introduction/section.

Example reference
Thurman, J. (2010) ‘Introduction.’ In Beauvoir, S. de. (1949) The second sex. Translated by C. Borde and S. Malovany-Chevallier, 2010. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, pp. ix-xvi.

Translated journal article

Reference elements
Author’s surname/s, Initial/s. (Year of publication) ‘Title of journal article.’ Translated by Initial/s. Surname of translator, year of translated publication. Title of journal (in italics), Volume number(Issue number) first and last page numbers of whole journal article.

Example reference
Bourdieu, P. (1988) ‘Vive la crise!: for heterodoxy in social science.’ Translated by L. J. D. Wacquant, 1987. Theory and Society, 17(5) pp. 773-787.

Citation example
(Hillsborough, 2013)

For further instruction on citing from a broadcast, including using direct quotes, see the FAQ on ‘Citing someone who is not the author of the source’.

Reference elements
‘Title of episode.’ (if applicable) Title of series/programme. (Year) Medium, either [Television] or [Radio] Television or radio channel, time and date of broadcast.

Example reference
‘Hillsborough – how they buried the truth.’ Panorama. (2013) [Television] BBC1, 21:00 20^th May 2013.

Key points

• You must state the title and year when citing information taken from a broadcast. This can be either the title of the episode or the title of the programme, whichever is listed first in the reference.
• When citing, if the title of the broadcast is long, you need to use the full title the first time you refer to it in your assignment. However, the title can be abbreviated from then on, as in the Hillsborough example above.
• Sometimes when citing from a broadcast, you may be citing what a someone has said in broadcast, other than for example, the narrator of the broadcast. In this instance, you need to present your citation differently, including introducing the ‘speaker/s’ name in your writing. Please see the FAQ on ‘Citing someone who is not the author of the source’ for further instruction.
• When using a quote direct, you also need to include the time at which the words were spoken in the television or radio broadcast.

Variants

A film broadcast on television

Reference elements
Title of film. (Year of production) Director. [Television] Television channel, time and date of broadcast.

Example
Slumdog Millionaire. (2008) Directed by D. Boyle. and L. Tandan. [Television] Channel 4, 21:25 4^th December 2010.

Key points

• When referencing a film that has been broadcast on television, the Director of the film must also be included in the reference, as shown in the example above.

A television or radio broadcast accessed online

Reference elements
‘Title of episode.’ (if applicable) Title of series/programme. (Year of production) [Online] Television or radio channel, time and date of broadcast. Available through (online provider). [Date accessed]

Example
Britain on Film. (2013) [Online] BBC4, 20.00 6^th August 2013. Available through Box of Broadcasts. [Accessed on 1st September 2013]

Key points

• For television or radio broadcasts accessed online, state the medium as [Online] and also state the online provider and the date it was accessed, as shown in the example above.

UN documents

UN documents can include statements, resolutions, treaties (also known as agreements, conventions and protocols). Follow the format as below, including the appropriate elements where available.

Reference elements
Name of UN department/assembly/council. (Year) Title of document (in italics). Full date adopted/signed (if applicable), reference/resolution number (if applicable).

Example reference
UN General Assembly. (1948) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 10th December 1948, A/RES/217(III).

UN documents accessed online

Reference elements
Name of UN department/assembly/council. (Year) Title of document (in italics). Full date adopted/signed (if applicable), reference/resolution number (if applicable). [Online] [Access date] URL

Example reference
UN General Assembly. (1989) Convention on the Rights of the Child. 20th November 1989, Res/44/25. [Online] [Accessed on 2nd February 2017] http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/crc.pdf