Professor David Simon Lee

My profile

Biography

My background is in atmospheric science and I have specialized in climate science and in particular, the impacts of aviation on climate, for the last 24 years. I have considerable scientific project and personnel management experience and have led large international multi-institutional projects. I have particular skills in developing links between science and policy, and work at an international level, e.g. the European Commission, ICAO, UNEP, IMO, WMO, IPCC, and have long experience in international scientific assessments at e.g. IPCC, UNEP, ICAO, IMO, peer-reviewed publications.

Impact

SCOPUS h-index 32; 7,792 citations across 6,275 documents; 93 documents by author (as of 27-02-2024)

Through my research on the climate impacts of aviation and shipping I have acted as an official technical advisor to international bodies including ICAO, IMO, UNEP, WMO, and the European Commission.

I have been influential and directly involved in work that has shaped international policy and regulation (e.g. design of the EU emissions trading scheme for aviation; ICAO CO2 emission standard for aircraft; ICAO global market-based mechanism ‘CORSIA’). I have my own research specialism of transportation impacts on climate and international profile and have been a lead author for IPCC since 1999 on various assessment reports (IPCC working groups I and II, Greenhouse Gas Guidance, Special Reports). The IPCC awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007.

I currently co-lead the ‘Impacts and Science Group’ within the International Civil Aviation Organization.

I am a member of the UK Civil Aviation Authority’s Environmental Sustainability Panel https://www.caa.co.uk/our-work/about-us/the-caa-s-environmental-sustainability-panel/

I am a member of the Aerospace Technology Institute’s Sustainability Advisory Panel

Understanding aircraft emissions and their effect on the climate

How do we ‘do our bit’ for the environment and still enjoy our holidays?

Go to case study

Projects

  • Thecompetitive project awarded to Manchester Met. (Jan 2020) for scientific and policy support on aviation and climate change to the UK Department for Transport: value £1.89 Million;
  • the Manchester Met. Component of a H2020 project (Jan 2020) ‘ACACIA’ (Advancing the Science for Aviation and ClimAte), value £156K;
  • andthe Manchester Met. Component of H2020 project ‘SENECA’ ((LTO) noiSe and EmissioNs of supErsoniC Aircraft), value £266K
  • The ZEST1 Project was funded by the Aerospace Technology Institute (Jan 2022). Value £328K

Research outputs

  1. Becken S., Miller G., Lee D. S. and Mackey B. (2024) The scientific basis of ‘net zero emissions’ and its diverging sociopolitical representation. Science of the Total Environment 918, 170725 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170725.

  2. Lee D. S., Allen M., Cumpsty N., Owen B., Shine K. P. and Skowron A. (2023) An assessment of the uncertainties involved in mitigating the non-CO2 effects of aviation using liquid kerosene fuels. Environmental Science: Atmospheres 3, 1693–1740 https://doi.org/10.1039/D3EA00091E
  3. de Leon R. R. and Lee D. S. (2023) Contrail radiative dependence on ice particle number concentration. Environmental Research Climate 2, 035012 https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ace6c6.
  4. Fuglestvedt J., Lund M.T., Kallbekken S., Samset B. H. and Lee D. S. (2023) A ‘greenhouse balance’ for aviation in line with the Paris Agreement. WIREs Climate Change https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.839.

  5. Becken S., Mackey B. and Lee D. S. (2023) Implications of preferential access to land and clean energy for Sustainable Aviation Fuels. Science of the Total Environment 866, 163883 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163883

  6. Jaramillo P., Kahn Riberio S., Newman P., Dhar S., Diemuodeke O., Kajino T., Lee D. S., Nugroho S. B., Ou X., Strømann A. H. and Whitehead J. (2022) Transport. Chapter 10 of ‘Climate Change 2022 Mitigation of Climate Change’ Working Group III contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. WMO/UNEP.

  7. Matthes S., Lee D. S., de Leon R. R., Lim L., Owen B., Skowron A., Thor R. N. and Terrenoire E. (2022) The effects of supersonic aviation on ozone and climate. Aerospace 9(1) 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9010041

  8. Klöwer M., Allen M. R., Lee D. S., Proud S. R., Gallagher L. and Skowron A. (2021) Quantifying aviation’s contribution to global warming. Environmental Research Letters 16(10) 104027 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac286e

  9. Skowron A., Lee D. S., De León R. R., Lim L. L & Owen B. (2021) Greater fuel efficiency is potentially preferable to reducing NOx emissions for aviation’s climate impact Nature Communications https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20771-3

  10. Lee D. S., Fahey D. W., Skowron A., Allen M. R., Burkhardt U., Chen Q., Doherty S. J., Freeman S., Forster P. M., Fuglestvedt J., Gettelman A., De León R. R., Lim L. L., Lund M T., Millar R. J., Owen B., Penner J. E., Pitari G., Prather M. J., Sausen R. & Wilcox L. J. (2021) The contribution of global aviation to anthropogenic climate forcing in 2018. Atmospheric Environment (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117834)

  11. Faber J. & Lee D. S. (2020) Bridging the gap – the role of international shipping and aviation. Chapter 5 in: Emissions Gap Report 2020, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi.
  12. De León R. R., Lim L. L., Lee D. S., Bennet M., Krämer M. (2018) Simple versus complex physical representation of the radiative forcing from linear contrails, an uncertainty analysis. Journal of Geophysical Research (Atmospheres). DOI: 10.1002/2017JD027861

  13. Freeman S., Lee D. S., Lim L. L., Skowron A. and De León R. R. (2018) Trading off aircraft fuel burn and NOx emissions for optimal climate policy. Environmental Science and Technology. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05719

  • Chapters in books

    Faber, J., Lee, D., Becken, S., Corbett, J.J., Cumpsty, N., Fleming, G., Longva, T., Tronstad Lund, M., Smith, T. (2020) 'Bridging the gap – the role of international shipping and aviation.' Emissions Gap Report 2020. United Nations Environment Programme,

    MYHRE, G., Shindell, D., Breon, F.M., Collins, W., Fuglestvedt, J., Huang, J., Koch, D., Lamarque, J.F., Lee, D.S., Mendoza, B., Robock, A., Stephens, G., Takemura, T., Zhang, H. (2014) 'Anthropogenic and natural radiative forcing.' Climate Change 2013 - The Physical Science Basis Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, pp. 659-740.

    Lee, D.S. (2013) 'Anthropogenic and natural radiative forcing.' Climate Change 2013 The physical Science basis IPCC WG1, Fifth Assessment Report. Cambridge University Press,

    Lee, D.S. (2012) 'Aviation and climate change: The science.' Climate Change and Aviation: Issues, Challenges and Solutions. pp. 27-68.

    Owen, B., Lee, D.S. (2010) 'Aviation Emissions Environmental Impact, Manufacturing and Operations Emissions and Atmospheric Impact.' Encyclopedia of Aerospace Engineering. John Wiley and Sons,

  • Reports

    Gierens, K., Sausen, R., Bauder, U., Eckel, G., Großmann, K., Le Clercq, P., Lee, D.S., Rauch, B., Sauer, D., Voigt, C., Schmidt, A. (2024) Influence of aviation fuel composition on the formation and lifetime of contrails — a literature review. Brussels: Concawe.

    Lee, D., Arrowsmith, S., Skowron, A., Owen, B., Sausen, R., Boucher, O., Faber, J., Marianne, L., Fuglestvedt, J., van Wijngaarden, L. (2020) Updated analysis of the non-CO2 climate impacts of aviation and potential policy measures pursuant to EU Emissions Trading System Directive Article 30(4). Cologne, Germany: European Aviation Safety Agency.

    Lee, D. (2018) International aviation and the Paris Agreement temperature goals. Department for Transport.

    Lee, D., Elzen, M., Höhne, N., Jiang, K., Cantzler, J., Drost, P., Fransen, T., Fekete, F., Kuramochi, T., Levin, K., Rogelj, J., Sha, F., Schaeffer, M., Vrontisi, Z. (2017) The Emissions Gap Report 2017. United Nations Environment Program.

    Lee, D.S., Smith, T., O'Keefe, E., Aldous, A., Parker, S., Raucci, C., Traut, M., Corbett, J., Winebrake, J., Jalkanen, J., Johnsson, L., Anderson, B., Agrawal, A., Ettinger, S., Ng, S., Hanayama, S., Faber, J., Nelissen, D., t'Hoen, M., Chesworth, S., Pandey, A. (2015) Third IMO Greenhouse Gas Study 2014. International Maritime Organization.

    Owen, B., Lee, D., Lim, L.L. (2013) Bridging the aviation CO2 emissions gap: why emissions trading is needed.. UNEP.

  • Internet publications

    Lee, D. (2018) The current state of scientific understanding of the non-CO2 effects of aviation on climate.

  • Journal articles

    Becken, S., Miller, G., Lee, D.S., Mackey, B. (2024) 'The scientific basis of 'net zero emissions' and its diverging sociopolitical representation.' Science of the Total Environment, 918

    Lee, D., Allen, M.R., Cumpsty, N., Owen, B., Shine, K.P., Skowron, A. (2023) 'Uncertainties in mitigating aviation non-CO2 emissions for climate and air quality using hydrocarbon fuels.' Environmental Science: Atmospheres,

    Becken, S., Mackey, B., Lee, D.S. (2023) 'Implications of preferential access to land and clean energy for sustainable aviation fuels.' Science of the Total Environment, 886pp. 163883-163883.

    De Leon, R.R., Lee, D.S. (2023) 'Contrail radiative dependence on ice particle number concentration.' Environmental Research: Climate, 2(3) pp. 035012-035012.

    Fuglestvedt, J., Lund, M.T., Kallbekken, S., Samset, B.H., Lee, D.S. (2023) 'A “greenhouse gas balance” for aviation in line with the Paris Agreement.' Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: WIREs Climate Change, 14(5)

    Matthes, S., Lee, D.S., De Leon, R.R., Lim, L., Owen, B., Skowron, A., Thor, R.N., Terrenoire, E. (2022) 'Review: The Effects of Supersonic Aviation on Ozone and Climate.' Aerospace, 9(1) pp. 41-41.

    Klöwer, M., Allen, M.R., Lee, D.S., Proud, S.R., Gallagher, L., Skowron, A. (2021) 'Quantifying aviation's contribution to global warming.' Environmental Research Letters, 16(10) pp. 104027-104027.

    Skowron, A., Lee, D.S., Rodriguez De Leon, R., Lim, L., Owen, B. (2021) 'Greater fuel efficiency is potentially preferable to reducing NOx emissions for aviation’s climate impacts.' Nature Communications, 12(564)

    Lee, D.S., Fahey, D.W., Skowron, A., Allen, M.R., Burkhardt, U., Chen, Q., Doherty, S.J., Freeman, S., Forster, P.M., Fuglestvedt, J., Gettelman, A., De León, R.R., Lim, L.L., Lund, M.T., Millar, R.J., Owen, B., Penner, J.E., Pitari, G., Prather, M.J., Sausen, R., Wilcox, L.J. (2020) 'The contribution of global aviation to anthropogenic climate forcing for 2000 to 2018.' Atmospheric Environment, 244(117834)

    Rodriguez De Leon, R., Lim, L.L., Lee, D.S., Bennett, M., Kraemer, M. (2018) 'Simple Versus Complex Physical Representation of the Radiative Forcing From Linear Contrails: A Sensitivity Analysis.' Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 123(5) pp. 2831-2840.

    Freeman, S.J., Lee, D., Lim, L., Skowron, A., Rodriguez De Leon, R. (2018) 'Trading Off Aircraft Fuel Burn and NOx Emissions for Optimal Climate Policy.' Environmental Science & Technology, 52(5) pp. 2498-2505.

    Christie, S.M., Lobo, P., Lee, D., Raper, D. (2017) 'Gas Turbine Engine Nonvolatile Particulate Matter Mass Emissions: Correlation with Smoke Number for Conventional and Alternative Fuel Blends.' Environmental Science and Technology, 51(2) pp. 988-996.

    Lee, D.S., Fahey, D. (2016) 'Aviation and climate change: a scientific perspective.' Carbon and Climate Law Review, 10(2) pp. 97-104.

    Huntingford, C., Lowe, J.A., Howarth, N., Bowerman, N.H.A., Gohar, L.K., Otto, A., Lee, D.S., Smith, S.M., den Elzen, M.G.J., van Vuuren, D.P., Millar, R.J., Allen, M.R. (2015) 'The implications of carbon dioxide and methane exchange for the heavy mitigation RCP2.6 scenario under two metrics.' Environmental Science and Policy, 51pp. 77-87.

    Pitari, G., Iachetti, D., Di Genova, G., De Luca, N., Søvde, O., Hodnebrog, Ø., Lee, D., Lim, L. (2015) 'Impact of coupled NOx/aerosol aircraft emissions on ozone photochemistry and radiative forcing.' Atmosphere, 6(6) pp. 751-782.

    Skowron, A., Lee, D.S., De Leon, R.R. (2014) 'Variation of radiative forcings and global warming potentials from regional aviation NOx emissions.' Atmospheric Environment, 104

    Søvde, O.A., Matthes, S., Skowron, A., Iachetti, D., Lim, L., Owen, B., Hodnebrog, Ø., Di Genova, G., Pitari, G., Lee, D.S., Myhre, G., Isaksen, I.S.A. (2014) 'Aircraft emission mitigation by changing route altitude: a multi-model estimate of aircraft NOx emission impact on O3 photochemistry.' Atmospheric Environment, 95pp. 468-479.

    Khodayari, A., Wuebbles, D.J., Olsen, S.C., Fuglestvedt, J.S., Berntsen, T., Lund, M.T., Waitz, I., Wolfe, P., Forster, P.M., Meinshausen, M., Lee, D.S., Lim, L.L. (2013) 'Intercomparison of the capabilities of simplified climate models to project the effects of aviation CO2 on climate.' Atmospheric Environment, 75pp. 321-328.

    Skowron, A., Lee, D.S., Rodriguez De Leon, R. (2013) 'The assessment of the impact of aviation NOx on ozone and other radiative forcing responses e The importance of representing cruise altitudes accurately.' Atmospheric Environment, 74pp. 159-168.

    Watson, P.A.G., Karoly, D.J., Allen, M.R., Faull, N., Lee, D.S. (2012) 'Quantifying uncertainty in future Southern Hemisphere circulation trends.' Geophysical Research Letters, 39(23)

    De León, R.R., Krämer, M., Lee, D.S., Thelen, J.C. (2012) 'Sensitivity of radiative properties of persistent contrails to the ice water path.' Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 12(17) pp. 7893-7901.

    Lund, M.T., Eyring, V., Fuglestvedt, J., Hendricks, J., Lauer, A., Lee, D., Righi, M. (2012) 'Global-mean temperature change from shipping toward 2050: improved representation of the indirect aerosol effect in simple climate models..' Environ Sci Technol, 46(16) pp. 8868-8877.

    Christie, S., Raper, D., Lee, D.S., Williams, P.I., Rye, L., Blakey, S., Wilson, C.W., Lobo, P., Hagen, D., Whitefield, P.D. (2012) 'Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from the combustion of alternative fuels in a gas turbine engine..' Environ Sci Technol, 46(11) pp. 6393-6400.

    Preston, H., Lee, D.S., Hooper, P.D. (2012) 'The inclusion of the aviation sector within the European Union's Emissions Trading Scheme: What are the prospects for a more sustainable aviation industry?.' Environmental Development, 2(1) pp. 48-56.

    Frömming, C., Ponater, M., Dahlmann, K., Grewe, V., Lee, D.S., Sausen, R. (2012) 'Aviation-induced radiative forcing and surface temperature change in dependency of the emission altitude.' Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 117(19)

    Lee, D., Raper, D. (2012) 'The global atmospheric impacts of aviation.' pp. 77-96.

    Lee, D.S., Pitari, G., Grewe, V., Gierens, K., Penner, J.E., Petzold, A., Prather, M.J., Schumann, U., Bais, A., Berntsen, T., Iachetti, D., Lim, L.L., Sausen, R. (2010) 'Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Aviation.' Atmospheric Environment, 44(37) pp. 4678-4734.

    Fuglestvedt, J.S., Shine, K.P., Berntsen, T., Cook, J., Lee, D.S., Stenke, A., Skeie, R.B., Velders, G.J.M., Waitz, I.A. (2010) 'Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Metrics.' Atmospheric Environment, 44(37) pp. 4648-4677.

    Lamarque, J.F., Bond, T.C., Eyring, V., Granier, C., Heil, A., Klimont, Z., Lee, D., Liousse, C., Mieville, A., Owen, B., Schultz, M.G., Shindell, D., Smith, S.J., Stehfest, E., Van Aardenne, J., Cooper, O.R., Kainuma, M., Mahowald, N., McConnell, J.R., Naik, V., Riahi, K., Van Vuuren, D.P. (2010) 'Historical (1850-2000) gridded anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of reactive gases and aerosols: Methodology and application.' Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10(15) pp. 7017-7039.

    Skowron, A., Lee, D.S., Hurley, J. (2010) 'Aviation NOx global warming potential.' DLR Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. - Forschungsberichte, (10) pp. 233-238.

    Hilaire, J., De Leon, R.R., Lee, D.S. (2010) 'Do radiative forcings of methane and ozone cancel out? - A case study from the last IMO Greenhouse gas study.' DLR Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. - Forschungsberichte, (10) pp. 217-221.

    Matthes, S., Erhardt, G., Gierens, K., Petzold, A., Brok, P., Hagström, M., Helmis, C., Isaksen, I.S., Laroche, P., Vancassel, X., Lee, D., Raper, D., Panidis, T., Mathioudakis, K., Tsalavoutas, T., Kurtenbach, R., Wiesen, P., Wilson, C., Habisreuther, P., Schäfer, K., Zarzalis, N. (2010) 'ECATS - Mission of Association for an environmentally compatible air transport system.' DLR Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. - Forschungsberichte, (10) pp. 140-145.

    Lim, L.L., Preston, H.J., Lee, D.S. (2010) 'Exploring the uncertainties involved in calculating temperature response from the transport sector.' DLR Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. - Forschungsberichte, (10) pp. 126-133.

    Owen, B., Lee, D.S., Lim, L. (2010) 'Flying into the future: aviation emissions scenarios to 2050..' Environ Sci Technol, 44(7) pp. 2255-2260.

    Fuglestvedt, J., Berntsen, T., Eyring, V., Isaksen, I., Lee, D.S., Sausen, R. (2009) 'Shipping emissions: from cooling to warming of climate-and reducing impacts on health..' Environ Sci Technol, 43(24) pp. 9057-9062.

    Lee, D.S., Fahey, D.W., Forster, P.M., Newton, P.J., Wit, R.C.N., Lim, L.L., Owen, B., Sausen, R. (2009) 'Aviation and global climate change in the 21st century.' Atmospheric Environment, 43(22-23) pp. 3520-3537.

    Fleming, G., Malwitz, A., Balasubramanian, S., Roof, C., Grandi, F., Kim, B., Usdrowski, S., Elliff, T., Eyers, C., Horton, G., Owen, B., Lee, D.S. (2008) 'Trends in global noise and emissions from commercial aviation for 2000 through 2025.' ICAS Secretariat - 26th Congress of International Council of the Aeronautical Sciences 2008, ICAS 2008, 3pp. 2286-2294.

    Mitchell, J.F., Slingo, J., Lee, D.S., Lowe, J.A., Pope, V. (2007) 'Response to Carter et al..' World Economics Journal, 8(1) pp. 221-228.

    Gauss, M., Isaksen, I.S.A., Lee, D.S., Søvde, O.A. (2006) 'Impact of aircraft NOx emissions on the atmosphere - Tradeoffs to reduce the impact.' Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 6(6) pp. 1529-1548.

    Fichter, C., Marquart, S., Sausen, R., Lee, D.S. (2005) 'The impact of cruise altitude on contrails and related radiative forcing.' Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 14(4) pp. 563-572.

    Sausen, R., Isaksen, I., Grewe, V., Hauglustaine, D., Lee, D.S., Myhre, G., Köhler, M.O., Pitari, G., Schumann, U., Stordal, F., Zerefos, C. (2005) 'Aviation radiative forcing in 2000: An update on IPCC (1999).' Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 14(4) pp. 555-561.

    Stordal, F., Myhre, G., Stordal, E.J.G., Rossow, W.B., Lee, D.S., Arlander, D.W., Svendby, T. (2005) 'Is there a trend in cirrus cloud cover due to aircraft traffic?.' Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 5(8) pp. 2155-2162.

    Scholtens, R., Dore, C.J., Jones, B.M.R., Lee, D.S., Phillips, V.R. (2004) 'Measuring ammonia emission rates from livestock buildings and manure stores - Part 1: Development and validation of external tracer ratio, internal tracer ratio and passive flux sampling methods.' Atmospheric Environment, 38(19) pp. 3003-3015.

    Lee, D.S., Sausen, R. (2002) 'Chapter 8 New directions: Assessing the real impact of CO2 emissions trading by the aviation industry.' Developments in Environmental Science, 1(C) pp. 245-248.

    Rogers, H.L., Lee, D.S., Raper, D.W., Foster, P.M.D., Wilson, C.W., Newton, P.J. (2002) 'The impact of aviation on the atmosphere.' AERONAUTICAL JOURNAL, 106(1064) pp. 521-546.

    Lee, D.S., Brunner, B., Döpelheuer, A., Falk, R.S., Gardner, R.M., Lecht, M., Leech, M., Lister, D.H., Newton, P.J. (2002) 'Aviation emissions: Present-day and future.' Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 11(3) pp. 141-150.

    Grewe, V., Dameris, M., Fichter, C., Lee, D.S. (2002) 'Impact of aircraft NOx emissions. Part 2: Effects of lowering the flight altitude.' Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 11(3) pp. 197-205.

    Lee, D.S., Fowler, D., Nemitz, E. (2002) 'Authors' reply - Reply from the authors of Lee et al. (2001).' ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT, 36(13) pp. 2276-2277.

    Lee, D.S., Nemitz, E., Fowler, D., Kingdon, R.D. (2001) 'Modelling atmospheric mercury transport and deposition across Europe and the UK.' Atmospheric environment, 35(32) pp. 5455-5466.

    Driejana, , Raper, D.W., Lee, D.S., Kingdon, R.D., Gee, I.L. (2001) 'Wet deposition to an upland area of England in 1988 and 1999: Measurements and modelling.' Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 130(1-4 III) pp. 1625-1630.

    Lee, D.S., Kingdon, R.D. (2001) 'Modelling the UK reduced nitrogen budget.' Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere, 26(10) pp. 819-824.

    Lee, D.S., Kingdon, R.D. (2001) 'Modelling long-term trends in UK sulphur deposition.' Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere, 26(10) pp. 813-817.

    Driejana, , Lee, D.S., Kingdon, R.D., Raper, D.W., Gee, I.L. (2001) 'Modelling acidic deposition in the United Kingdom at a scale of 5 KM by 5 KM.' Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 130(1-4 II) pp. 319-324.

    Lee, D.S., Fowler, D., Nemitz, E. (2001) 'New directions: The European Air Quality Framework Directive and atmospheric mercury: The wrong tool for the job?.' Atmospheric Environment, 35(33) pp. 5855-5857.

    Phillips, V.R., Lee, D.S., Scholtens, R., Garland, J.A., Sneath, R.W. (2001) 'A review of methods for measuring emission rates of ammonia from livestock buildings and slurry or manure stores, part 2: Monitoring flux rates, concentrations and airflow rates.' Journal of Agricultural and Engineering Research, 78(1) pp. 1-14.

    Kane, M.J., Braithwaite, G., Emeny, M.T., Lee, D., Martin, T., Wright, D.R. (2000) 'Bulk and surface recombination in InAs/AlAs0.16Sb0.84 3.45 μm light emitting diodes.' Applied Physics Letters, 76(8) pp. 943-945.

    Lee, D.S., Kingdon, R.D., Garland, J.A., Jones, B.M.R. (2000) 'Parametrisation of the orographic enhancement of precipitation and deposition in a long-term, long-range transport model.' Annales Geophysicae, 18(11) pp. 1447-1466.

    Lee, D.S., Kingdon, R.D., Jenkin, M.E., Webster, A. (2000) 'Modelling the contribution of different sources of sulphur to atmospheric deposition in the United Kingdom.' Environmental Modeling and Assessment, 5(2) pp. 105-118.

    Phillips, V.R., Scholtens, R., Lee, D.S., Garland, J.A., Sneath, R.W. (2000) 'A review of methods for measuring emission rates of ammonia from livestock buildings and slurry or manure stores, part 1: Assessment of basic approaches.' Journal of Agricultural and Engineering Research, 77(4) pp. 355-364.

    Lee, D.S., Sausen, R. (2000) 'New directions: Assessing the real impact of CO2 emissions trading by the aviation industry.' Atmospheric Environment, 34(29-30) pp. 5337-5338.

    Lee, D.S., Kingdon, R.D., Jenkin, M.E., Garland, J.A. (2000) 'Modelling the atmospheric oxidised and reduced nitrogen budgets for the UK with a Lagrangian multi-layer long-range transport model.' Environmental Modeling and Assessment, 5(2) pp. 83-104.

    Lee, D.S., Dollard, G.J., Derwent, R.G., Pepler, S. (1999) 'Observations on gaseous and aerosols components of the atmosphere and their relationships.' Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 113(1-4) pp. 175-202.

    Lee, D.S., Kingdon, R.D., Pacyna, J.M., Bouwman, A.F., Tegen, I. (1999) 'Modelling base cations in Europe - Sources, transport and deposition of calcium.' Atmospheric Environment, 33(14) pp. 2241-2256.

    Lee, D.S., Pacyna, J.M. (1999) 'An industrial emissions inventory of calcium for Europe.' Atmospheric Environment, 33(11) pp. 1687-1697.

    Cape, J.N., McFadyen, G.G., Storeton-West, R.L., Choularton, T.W., Gallagher, M.W., Bower, K.N., Lee, D.S., Dore, C., Berner, A. (1999) 'Field observations of S-IV in cloud.' ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH, 50(3-4) pp. 345-358.

    Bower, K.N., Choularton, T.W., Gallagher, M.W., Colvile, R.N., Beswick, K.M., Inglis, D.W.F., Bradbury, C., Martinsson, B.G., Swietlicki, E., Berg, O.H., Cederfelt, S.I., Frank, G., Zhou, J., Cape, J.N., Sutton, M.A., McFadyen, G.G., Milford, C., Birmili, W., Yuskiewicz, B.A., Wiedensohler, A., Stratmann, F., Wendisch, M., Berner, A., Ctyroky, P., Galambos, Z., Mesfin, S.H., Dusek, U., Dore, C.J., Lee, D.S., Pepler, S.A., Bizjak, M., Divjak, B. (1999) 'The Great Dun Fell Experiment 1995: an overview.' ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH, 50(3-4) pp. 151-184.

    Lee, D.S., Espenhahn, S.E., Baker, S. (1998) 'Evidence for long-term changes in base cations in the atmospheric aerosol.' Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 103(D17) pp. 21955-21966.

    Sutton, M.A., Lee, D.S., Dollard, G.J., Fowler, D. (1998) 'International Conference on Atmospheric Ammonia: Deposition and Environmental Impacts, Oxford, U.K., 2-4 October 1995: Introduction.' Atmospheric Environment, 32(3) pp. 269-271.

    Lee, D.S., Dollard, G.J., Pepler, S. (1998) 'Gas-phase mercury in the atmosphere of the United Kingdom.' Atmospheric Environment, 32(5) pp. 855-864.

    Lee, D.S., Halliwell, C., Garland, J.A., Dollard, G.J., Kingdon, R.D. (1998) 'Exchange of ammonia at the sea surface - A preliminary study.' Atmospheric Environment, 32(3) pp. 431-439.

    Sutton, M.A., Lee, D.S., Dollard, G.J., Fowler, D. (1998) 'Atmospheric ammonia: Emission, deposition and environmental impacts - Introduction.' ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT, 32(3) pp. 269-271.

    Sutton, M.A., Milford, C., Dragosits, U., Place, C.J., Singles, R.J., Smith, R.I., Pitcairn, C.E.R., Fowler, D., Hill, J., ApSimon, H.M., Ross, C., Hill, R., Jarvis, S.C., Pain, B.F., Phillips, V.C., Harrison, R., Moss, D., Webb, J., Espenhahn, S.E., Lee, D.S., Hornung, M., Ullyett, J., Bull, K.R., Emmett, B.A., Lowe, J., Wyers, G.P. (1998) 'Dispersion, deposition and impacts of atmospheric ammonia: Quantifying local budgets and spatial variability.' Environmental Pollution, 102(SUPPL. 1) pp. 349-361.

    Bouwman, A.F., Lee, D.S., Asman, W.A.H., Dentener, F.J., Van Der Hoek, K.W., Olivier, J.G.J. (1997) 'A global high-resolution emission inventory for ammonia.' Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 11(4) pp. 561-587.

    Gardner, R.M., Adams, K., Cook, T., Deidewig, F., Ernedal, S., Falk, R., Fleuti, E., Herms, E., Johnson, C.E., Lecht, M., Lee, D.S., Leech, M., Lister, D., Massé, B., Metcalfe, M., Newton, P., Schmitt, A., Vandenbergh, C., Van Drimmelen, R. (1997) 'The ANCAT/EC global inventory of NO(x) emissions from aircraft.' Atmospheric Environment, 31(12) pp. 1751-1766.

    Lee, D.S., Köhler, I., Grobler, E., Rohrer, F., Sausen, R., Gallardo-Klenner, L., Olivier, J.G.J., Dentener, F.J., Bouwman, A.F. (1997) 'Estimations of global NO(x) emissions and their uncertainties.' Atmospheric Environment, 31(12) pp. 1735-1749.

    Lee, D.S., Holland, M.R., Falla, N. (1996) 'The potential impact of ozone on materials in the U.K..' Atmospheric Environment, 30(7) pp. 1053-1065.

    Raper, D.W., Lee, D.S. (1996) 'Wet deposition at the sub-20 km scale in a rural upland area of England.' Atmospheric Environment, 30(8) pp. 1193-1207.

    Campbell, G.W., Lee, D.S. (1996) 'Atmospheric deposition of sulphur and nitrogen species in the U.K..' Freshwater Biology, 36(1) pp. 151-167.

    Graedel, T.E., Benkovitz, C.M., Keene, W.C., Lee, D.S., Marland, G. (1995) 'Global emissions inventories of acid-related compounds.' Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 85(1) pp. 25-36.

    Atkins, D.H.F., Lee, D.S. (1995) 'Spatial and temporal variation of rural nitrogen dioxide concentrations across the United Kingdom.' Atmospheric Environment, 29(2) pp. 223-239.

    Lee, D.S., Nicholson, K.W. (1994) 'The measurement of atmospheric concentrations and deposition of semi-volatile organic compounds.' Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 32(1) pp. 59-91.

    Lee, D.S., Garland, J.A., Fox, A.A. (1994) 'Atmospheric concentrations of trace elements in urban areas of the United Kingdom.' Atmospheric Environment, 28(16) pp. 2691-2713.

    Lee, D.S., Dollard, G.J. (1994) 'Uncertainties in current estimates of emissions of ammonia in the United Kingdom.' Environmental Pollution, 86(3) pp. 267-277.

    Lee, D.S., Atkins, D.H.F. (1994) 'Atmospheric ammonia emissions from agricultural waste combustion.' Geophysical Research Letters, 21(4) pp. 281-284.

    LEE, D.S. (1993) 'SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF URBAN PRECIPITATION CHEMISTRY AND DEPOSITION - STATISTICAL ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN CONSTITUENTS AND POTENTIAL REMOVAL PROCESSES OF PRECURSOR SPECIES.' ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT PART B-URBAN ATMOSPHERE, 27(3) pp. 321-337.

    LEE, D.S., LONGHURST, J.W.S. (1993) 'ESTIMATES OF EMISSIONS OF SO2, NOX, HC1 AND NH3 FROM A DENSELY POPULATED REGION OF THE UK.' ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, 79(1) pp. 37-44.

    Longhurst, J.W.S., Raper, D.W., Lee, D.S., Heath, B.A., Conlan, B., King, H.J. (1993) 'Acid deposition: a select review 1852-1990. 1. Emissions, transport, deposition, effects on freshwater systems and forests.' Fuel, 72(9) pp. 1261-1280.

    Longhurst, J.W.S., Raper, D.W., Lee, D.S., Heath, B.A., Conlan, B., King, H.J. (1993) 'Acid deposition: a select review 1852-1990. 2. Effects on materials and health; abatement strategies and programmes.' Fuel, 72(10) pp. 1363-1380.

    Atkins, D.H.F., Lee, D.S. (1993) 'Indoor concentrations of ammonia and the potential contribution of humans to atmospheric budgets.' Atmospheric Environment Part A, General Topics, 27(1) pp. 1-7.

    Lee, D.S., Longhurst, J.W.S. (1992) 'A comparison between wet and bulk deposition at an urban site in the U.K..' Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 64(3-4) pp. 635-648.

    Lee, D.S., Longhurst, J.W.S. (1992) 'Estimates of emissions of SO2, NO(x) HCl and NH3 from a densely populated region of the UK.' Journal of Environmental Management, 36(2) pp. 37-44.

    Lee, D.S., Longhurst, J.W.S. (1992) 'A statistical intercomparison between "urban" and "rural" precipitation chemistry data from greater Manchester and two nearby secondary national network sites in the United Kingdom.' Atmospheric Environment Part A, General Topics, 26(16) pp. 2869-2883.

    Longhurst, J.W.S., Gee, D.R., Lee, D.S., Green, S.E. (1987) 'The establishment of an urban acid deposition monitoring network.' The Environmentalist, 7(4) pp. 299-307.

  • Conference papers

    Christie, S.M., Lobo, P., Raper, D., Lee, D. (2016) 'The impact of HEFA fuel blend ratio on gaseous emissions, smoke number and nvPM emissions.' In EASN. Porto, Portugal, 18/10/2016 - 21/10/2016.

    Christie, S.M., Lobo, P., Raper, D., Lee, D. (2016) 'The impact of HEFA fuel blend ratio on gaseous emissions, smoke number and nvPM emissions.' In EASN. Porto, Portugal, 18/10/2016 - 21/10/2016.

    Christie, S.M., Blakey,, S., Le Clercq,, P., Matthes,, S., Schlager,, H., Lee, D.S., Raper, D., Wiesen,, P., Zarzalis,, N., Panidis,, T., Brok,, P. (2015) 'Research strategies for developing alternative fuels in aviation.' In 4th Conference on Transport, Atmosphere and climate (TAC).. Bad Kohlgrub, Germany., 22/6/2015 - 25/6/2015.

    Freeman, S.J., Lim, L.L., Lee, D.S. (2015) 'Examining the effect of aviation NOx emissions as a short-lived climate-forcer: Assessing the linearity of the NOx -O3 chemical system.' 2015-January. pp. 164-169.

    Lim, L.L., De Leon, R.R., Lee, D.S., Søvde, O.A. (2015) 'Uncertainties with respect to contrail coverage modelling in REACT4C.' 2015-January. pp. 153-157.

    Lim, L.L., Walker, K., Owen, B., Lee, D.S. (2015) 'Aviation impacts on climate: Where are we heading?.' 2015-January. pp. 176-180.

    Lim, L.L., Lee, D.S., Owen, B., Skowron, A., Matthes,, S., Burkhardt,, U., Dietmüller,, S., Pitari,, G., Di Genova,, G., Iachetti,, D., Isaksen,, I., Søvde,, O.A. (2015) 'REACT4C: Simplified Mitigation Studies.' In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Transport, Atmosphere and Climate (TAC-4). Bad Kohlgrub, Germany, 22/6/2015 - 25/6/2015.

    Christie, S.M., Raper, D., Lee, D.S. (2012) 'The atmospheric impacts of alternative fuels in aviation.' In 2nd EASN workshop on flight physics and propulsion. Prague, 31/10/2012 - 2/11/2012.

    Preston, H.J., Lim, L.L., Lee, D.S., Hooper, P.D. (2010) 'Aviation emissions under climate stabilization at 450ppmv and below.' pp. 86-92.

    Skowron, A.M., Lee, , Hurley, J. (2010) 'Aviation NOx Global Warming Potential.' pp. 233-238.

    Driejana, , Lee, D.S., Kingdon, R.D., Raper, D.W., Gee, I.L. (2001) 'Modelling acidic deposition in the United Kingdom at a scale of 5 km by 5 km.' In 6th International Conference on Acidic Deposition. 130. TSUKUBA, JAPAN, 10/12/2000 - 16/12/2000. SPRINGER INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING AG, pp. 319-324.

    Driejana, , Raper, D.W., Lee, D.S., Kingdon, R.D., Gee, I.L. (2001) 'Wet deposition to an upland area of England in 1988 and 1999: Measurements and modelling.' In 6th International Conference on Acidic Deposition. 130. TSUKUBA, JAPAN, 10/12/2000 - 16/12/2000. SPRINGER INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING AG, pp. 1625-1630.

    Sutton, M.A., Milford, C., Dragosits, U., Place, C.J., Singles, R.J., Smith, R.I., Pitcairn, C.E.R., Fowler, D., Hill, J., ApSimon, H.M., Ross, C., Hill, R., Jarvis, S.C., Pain, B.F., Phillips, V.C., Harrison, R., Moss, D., Webb, J., Espenhahn, S.E., Lee, D.S., Hornung, M., Ullyett, J., Bull, K.R., Emmett, B.A., Lowe, J., Wyers, G.P. (1998) 'Dispersion, deposition and impacts of atmospheric ammonia: quantifying local budgets and spatial variability.' In 1st International Nitrogen Conference 1998. NOORDWIJKERHOUT, NETHERLANDS, 23/3/1998 - 27/3/1998. VanderHoek, K.W., Erisman, J.W., Smeulders, S., Wisniewski, J.R., Wisniewski, J. (ed.) ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, pp. 349-361.

    Kane, M.J., Braithwaite, G., Emeny, M.T., Lee, D., Martin, T., Wight, D.R. (1997) 'Emission efficiency in InAs LEDs controlled by surface recombination.' 450. pp. 129-134.

    Raper, D.W., Lee, D.S., Longhurst, J.W.S. (1996) 'Spatial variability of wet deposition in a rural upland area of England.' In 4th International Conference on Air Pollution - Monitoring, Simulation and Control (Air Pollution 96). TOULOUSE, FRANCE, 28/8/1996 - 30/8/1996. Caussade, B., Power, H., Brebbia, C.A. (ed.) COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS PUBLICATIONS LTD, pp. 385-394.

Career history

1985-1991

Researcher, Manchester Polytechnic

1991 - 1997

Principal Scientific Officer, UK Atomic Energy Authority (AEA Technology)

1997 - 2003

Technology Chief, Defence Evaluation Research Agency (DERA, then QinetiQ)

2003 - to date

Professor of Atmospheric Science, Manchester Metropolitan University